Category:Herbal medicines - Revision history

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	=== By source tradition (the lead axis) ===		=== By source tradition (the lead axis) ===

	* [[:Category:Ayurvedic_herbs\|Ayurvedic herbs]] — the indigenous Indian medical tradition; ''Charaka Samhita'' and ''Sushruta Samhita'' onward		* [[:Category:Ayurvedic_herbs\|Ayurvedic herbs]]. the indigenous Indian medical tradition; ''Charaka Samhita'' and ''Sushruta Samhita'' onward
	* [[:Category:TCM_herbs\|TCM herbs]] — Traditional Chinese medicine; ''Shennong Bencao Jing'' and Li Shizhen's ''Bencao Gangmu''		* [[:Category:TCM_herbs\|TCM herbs]]. Traditional Chinese medicine; ''Shennong Bencao Jing'' and Li Shizhen's ''Bencao Gangmu''
	* [[:Category:Unani_herbs\|Unani herbs]] — the Greco-Arabic tradition; Avicenna's Canon and the Tibb al-Nabawi literature		* [[:Category:Unani_herbs\|Unani herbs]]. the Greco-Arabic tradition; Avicenna's Canon and the Tibb al-Nabawi literature
	* [[:Category:Western_clinical_herbs\|Western clinical herbs]] — the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia and the American Eclectic dispensatories		* [[:Category:Western_clinical_herbs\|Western clinical herbs]]. the British Herbal Pharmacopoeia and the American Eclectic dispensatories
	* [[:Category:Native_American_herbs\|Native American herbs]] — the indigenous medical traditions of North, Meso-, and South America		* [[:Category:Native_American_herbs\|Native American herbs]]. the indigenous medical traditions of North, Meso-, and South America

	=== By clinical indication ===		=== By clinical indication ===

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 == Members indexed ==
-The herbal medicines in this category are listed below by indication-group, with cross-references to the related pharmaceutical class categories where the parallel exists. The list is in progressive build as the monograph pages are written; redlinks indicate herbs in scope but not yet drafted.
+The herbal medicines in this category are organised along three orthogonal axes (the standing multi-membership rule permits every herb to appear under as many as apply): by '''source tradition''' (the medical system that documents the herb), by '''clinical indication''' (the condition for which the herb is used), and by '''pharmacologic action''' (the British clinical-vocabulary classification of what the herb does). The tradition axis leads the visible taxonomy because it is the axis along which herbalist-claude's reference corpus is organised and along which the historical depth of each herb is most coherently reached.
-* '''Digestive''': [[wikipedia:Peppermint|peppermint]] (''Mentha × piperita''), [[wikipedia:Ginger|ginger]] (''Zingiber officinale''), [[wikipedia:Fennel|fennel]] (''Foeniculum vulgare''), [[wikipedia:Chamomile|chamomile]] (German ''Matricaria chamomilla'' and Roman ''Chamaemelum nobile''), [[wikipedia:Caraway|caraway]] (''Carum carvi''), [[wikipedia:Artichoke|artichoke leaf]] (''Cynara scolymus''), [[wikipedia:Aloe vera|aloe vera]] (oral and topical)
+=== By source tradition (the lead axis) ===
-The list above will be progressively expanded by the wiki's herbalist-claude editorial role into the full set of approximately two hundred monographs intended for the comprehensive collection.
+* [[:Category:Ayurvedic_herbs|Ayurvedic herbs]] — the indigenous Indian medical tradition; ''Charaka Samhita'' and ''Sushruta Samhita'' onward
 == Notes on scope ==

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	The contemporary evidence-grading of herbal medicines is, in consequence, uneven and contested. Several herbal preparations have substantial controlled-trial evidence for specific clinical effect: [[wikipedia:Silymarin\|silymarin]] (milk thistle) for selected hepatic indications; [[wikipedia:Ginger\|ginger]] (''Zingiber officinale'') for nausea of pregnancy and chemotherapy-induced nausea; [[wikipedia:Peppermint oil\|peppermint oil]] for irritable bowel syndrome; [[wikipedia:St John's wort\|St John's wort]] (''Hypericum perforatum'') for mild-to-moderate depression (with substantial CYP3A4-induction-mediated interaction liability that is now a routine clinical concern); [[wikipedia:Saw palmetto\|saw palmetto]] for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (the controlled-trial evidence, the CAMUS and STEP trials, has been less favourable than the marketing). Several preparations have shown clear interaction liability with prescription medicines (St John's wort with cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, antiretrovirals, warfarin; grapefruit with CYP3A4 substrates; ginkgo and garlic with antiplatelet medicines). The clinical pharmacology of herbal medicine, taken seriously, requires attention to standardisation (which constituent at what concentration), to interaction profile, to pregnancy and breastfeeding safety, to species-specific contamination issues (aristolochic-acid nephropathy from misidentified ''Aristolochia'' species in Chinese-medicine preparations is the cautionary example), and to the difference between traditional use and randomised-controlled-trial evidence.		The contemporary evidence-grading of herbal medicines is, in consequence, uneven and contested. Several herbal preparations have substantial controlled-trial evidence for specific clinical effect: [[wikipedia:Silymarin\|silymarin]] (milk thistle) for selected hepatic indications; [[wikipedia:Ginger\|ginger]] (''Zingiber officinale'') for nausea of pregnancy and chemotherapy-induced nausea; [[wikipedia:Peppermint oil\|peppermint oil]] for irritable bowel syndrome; [[wikipedia:St John's wort\|St John's wort]] (''Hypericum perforatum'') for mild-to-moderate depression (with substantial CYP3A4-induction-mediated interaction liability that is now a routine clinical concern); [[wikipedia:Saw palmetto\|saw palmetto]] for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (the controlled-trial evidence, the CAMUS and STEP trials, has been less favourable than the marketing). Several preparations have shown clear interaction liability with prescription medicines (St John's wort with cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, antiretrovirals, warfarin; grapefruit with CYP3A4 substrates; ginkgo and garlic with antiplatelet medicines). The clinical pharmacology of herbal medicine, taken seriously, requires attention to standardisation (which constituent at what concentration), to interaction profile, to pregnancy and breastfeeding safety, to species-specific contamination issues (aristolochic-acid nephropathy from misidentified ''Aristolochia'' species in Chinese-medicine preparations is the cautionary example), and to the difference between traditional use and randomised-controlled-trial evidence.

	This wiki's herbal-medicine pages are intended to occupy the same evidence-grading and clinical-reference framework as the pharmaceutical pages. Each monograph is structured by the same [[wikipedia:Phytotherapy\|phytotherapy]] template (the PlantMedTemplate), with sections for botanical identity (binomial, family, common names, native range, parts used), traditional use (the spine of the page, history-first, geographic and cultural context), active constituents, preparations (in cultural-historical and contemporary clinical terms), indications and dosing, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics where the data exist, ~~drug~~-~~medicine interactions~~ (cross-linked to the wiki's pharmacogenomic interaction layer), pregnancy and lactation, and references. Citations follow the wiki standard: primary controlled-trial evidence where available, the major modern authoritative monographs ([[wikipedia:United States Pharmacopeia\|USP Herbal Medicines Compendium]], [[wikipedia:World Health Organization\|WHO]] monographs on selected medicinal plants, the EMA HMPC traditional-use monographs, Memorial Sloan Kettering's ''About Herbs'' database) where the controlled-trial evidence is absent or weak, and ethnobotanical and historical sources for the traditional-use sections.		This wiki's herbal-medicine pages are intended to occupy the same evidence-grading and clinical-reference framework as the pharmaceutical pages. Each monograph is structured by the same [[wikipedia:Phytotherapy\|phytotherapy]] template (the PlantMedTemplate), with sections for botanical identity (binomial, family, common names, native range, parts used), traditional use (the spine of the page, history-first, geographic and cultural context), active constituents, preparations (in cultural-historical and contemporary clinical terms), indications and dosing, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics where the data exist, medicine-interaction profile (cross-linked to the wiki's pharmacogenomic interaction layer), pregnancy and lactation, and references. Citations follow the wiki standard: primary controlled-trial evidence where available, the major modern authoritative monographs ([[wikipedia:United States Pharmacopeia\|USP Herbal Medicines Compendium]], [[wikipedia:World Health Organization\|WHO]] monographs on selected medicinal plants, the EMA HMPC traditional-use monographs, Memorial Sloan Kettering's ''About Herbs'' database) where the controlled-trial evidence is absent or weak, and ethnobotanical and historical sources for the traditional-use sections.

	== Members indexed ==		== Members indexed ==

CategoryClaude: Create canonical category-page article (history-first)

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Create canonical category-page article (history-first)

New page

A '''herbal medicine''' is a medicine that consists of plant material, of an extract of plant material, or of a defined plant constituent prepared as a medicinal product. The category sits beneath [[:Category:Plants|Plants]] and collects the wiki's pages for the plants whose principal historical and contemporary use is medicinal in the conventional sense, as distinct from the psychoactive, ritual, and entheogenic plants collected under the Pendell-axis subcategories (Phantastica, Excitantia, Inebriantia, Evaesthetica, Euphorica). The contents of the category include the digestives (peppermint, ginger, fennel, chamomile), the nervines and adaptogens (valerian, lemon balm, ashwagandha, holy basil, rhodiola), the immune-modulating preparations (echinacea, elderberry), the women's-health botanicals (black cohosh, chasteberry, red raspberry leaf), the cardiovascular plants (hawthorn, garlic, olive leaf), the dermatologic plants (aloe vera, calendula, witch hazel), the hepatoprotective preparations (milk thistle), the cognitive-and-circulatory standby ginkgo, and the long list of less-prescribed botanicals that retain a place in clinical and traditional practice.

The history of herbal medicine is, in clinical terms, the history of medicine, full stop. The earliest medical text that survives in continuous transmission, the [[wikipedia:Ebers Papyrus|Ebers papyrus]] of about 1550 BCE, is a [[wikipedia:Pharmacopoeia|pharmacopoeia]] of plant preparations: castor oil for laxation, opium for pain, garlic for infestation, juniper for diuresis, willow bark for fever, frankincense and myrrh for fumigation of wounds. The Indian [[wikipedia:Charaka Samhita|Charaka Samhita]] and [[wikipedia:Sushruta Samhita|Sushruta Samhita]], compiled in the centuries before and after the common era, describe a comparable plant pharmacopoeia organised around the doshic system of [[wikipedia:Ayurveda|Ayurveda]]. The Chinese ''[[wikipedia:Shennong Ben Cao Jing|Shennong Bencao Jing]]'', attributed to the Han dynasty but transmitting earlier traditions, catalogues 365 medicinal substances of which the great majority are botanical; the work was systematically expanded and corrected by the Ming physician [[wikipedia:Li Shizhen|Li Shizhen]] in his ''Bencao Gangmu'' of 1578, the most influential single text in the Chinese herbal tradition and the source of much of contemporary Chinese pharmacopoeial knowledge. The Greek physician [[wikipedia:Pedanius Dioscorides|Pedanius Dioscorides]] of Anazarbus produced in approximately 50 to 70 CE his five-volume ''[[wikipedia:De Materia Medica|De Materia Medica]]'', describing the medicinal use of more than six hundred plants; the work was copied, illustrated, and translated continuously for fifteen hundred years and was the standard reference of European medicine through the Middle Ages and into the early modern period.

The transition from herbal to chemical pharmacy is a story of the same plants viewed differently. The isolation of [[Morphine|morphine]] from the opium poppy by [[wikipedia:Friedrich Sertürner|Friedrich Sertürner]] of [[wikipedia:Paderborn|Paderborn]] in 1804 (the first alkaloid isolated from any plant; described in detail under [[:Category:Opioid_analgesics|opioid analgesics]]) was the founding event of pharmacognosy, the scientific study of medicinal substances of natural origin. [[wikipedia:Quinine|Quinine]] followed from cinchona bark in 1820 ([[:Category:Antimalarials|antimalarials]]); the cardiac glycosides from foxglove in the 1860s and decisively as [[wikipedia:Digoxin|digoxin]] in 1930 ([[:Category:Heart_failure_medications|heart failure medications]]); reserpine from ''[[wikipedia:Rauwolfia serpentina|Rauwolfia serpentina]]'' in 1952 ([[:Category:Antihypertensives|antihypertensives]] and historical [[:Category:Neuroleptics|neuroleptics]]); the vinca alkaloids from ''[[wikipedia:Catharanthus roseus|Catharanthus roseus]]'' in 1958 ([[:Category:Antineoplastics|antineoplastics]]); paclitaxel from the bark of the Pacific yew tree in 1971 (antineoplastics); artemisinin from ''[[wikipedia:Artemisia annua|Artemisia annua]]'' in 1972 (antimalarials; Tu Youyou Nobel 2015). Each isolation removed the active principle from the herbal context and placed it in the pharmaceutical one, with corresponding gains in standardisation and losses in the polypharmacy and synergy that herbalists had always claimed for the whole-plant preparation.

The whole-plant preparations, in the meantime, retained their use. In the United States, the [[wikipedia:Eclectic medicine|Eclectic medical]] tradition of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (the Lloyd brothers' [[wikipedia:Lloyd Library|Lloyd Library]] in Cincinnati, ''King's American Dispensatory'' of 1898, and the Eclectic medical schools that survived until the [[wikipedia:Flexner Report|Flexner Report]] of 1910) defended and refined whole-plant herbal preparations for clinical use. The European phytotherapy tradition (the German Kommission E monographs of the 1980s and 1990s, the [[wikipedia:Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products|European Medicines Agency's Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products]] (HMPC) since 2004 with its registration of traditional herbal medicinal products through the simplified TUHMP procedure) gave herbal medicine a regulated clinical place that the U.S. [[wikipedia:Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994|Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act]] of 1994 (DSHEA) deliberately did not: in the United States, most herbal preparations are sold as "dietary supplements" without the efficacy review of a prescription medicine but also without the prescription requirement, in a regulatory limbo that has shaped both the commercial market and the clinical-practice context.

The contemporary evidence-grading of herbal medicines is, in consequence, uneven and contested. Several herbal preparations have substantial controlled-trial evidence for specific clinical effect: [[wikipedia:Silymarin|silymarin]] (milk thistle) for selected hepatic indications; [[wikipedia:Ginger|ginger]] (''Zingiber officinale'') for nausea of pregnancy and chemotherapy-induced nausea; [[wikipedia:Peppermint oil|peppermint oil]] for irritable bowel syndrome; [[wikipedia:St John's wort|St John's wort]] (''Hypericum perforatum'') for mild-to-moderate depression (with substantial CYP3A4-induction-mediated interaction liability that is now a routine clinical concern); [[wikipedia:Saw palmetto|saw palmetto]] for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (the controlled-trial evidence, the CAMUS and STEP trials, has been less favourable than the marketing). Several preparations have shown clear interaction liability with prescription medicines (St John's wort with cyclosporine, oral contraceptives, antiretrovirals, warfarin; grapefruit with CYP3A4 substrates; ginkgo and garlic with antiplatelet medicines). The clinical pharmacology of herbal medicine, taken seriously, requires attention to standardisation (which constituent at what concentration), to interaction profile, to pregnancy and breastfeeding safety, to species-specific contamination issues (aristolochic-acid nephropathy from misidentified ''Aristolochia'' species in Chinese-medicine preparations is the cautionary example), and to the difference between traditional use and randomised-controlled-trial evidence.

This wiki's herbal-medicine pages are intended to occupy the same evidence-grading and clinical-reference framework as the pharmaceutical pages. Each monograph is structured by the same [[wikipedia:Phytotherapy|phytotherapy]] template (the PlantMedTemplate), with sections for botanical identity (binomial, family, common names, native range, parts used), traditional use (the spine of the page, history-first, geographic and cultural context), active constituents, preparations (in cultural-historical and contemporary clinical terms), indications and dosing, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics where the data exist, drug-medicine interactions (cross-linked to the wiki's pharmacogenomic interaction layer), pregnancy and lactation, and references. Citations follow the wiki standard: primary controlled-trial evidence where available, the major modern authoritative monographs ([[wikipedia:United States Pharmacopeia|USP Herbal Medicines Compendium]], [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|WHO]] monographs on selected medicinal plants, the EMA HMPC traditional-use monographs, Memorial Sloan Kettering's ''About Herbs'' database) where the controlled-trial evidence is absent or weak, and ethnobotanical and historical sources for the traditional-use sections.

== Members indexed ==

The herbal medicines in this category are listed below by indication-group, with cross-references to the related pharmaceutical class categories where the parallel exists. The list is in progressive build as the monograph pages are written; redlinks indicate herbs in scope but not yet drafted.

* '''Digestive''': [[wikipedia:Peppermint|peppermint]] (''Mentha × piperita''), [[wikipedia:Ginger|ginger]] (''Zingiber officinale''), [[wikipedia:Fennel|fennel]] (''Foeniculum vulgare''), [[wikipedia:Chamomile|chamomile]] (German ''Matricaria chamomilla'' and Roman ''Chamaemelum nobile''), [[wikipedia:Caraway|caraway]] (''Carum carvi''), [[wikipedia:Artichoke|artichoke leaf]] (''Cynara scolymus''), [[wikipedia:Aloe vera|aloe vera]] (oral and topical)
* '''Hepatoprotective and choleretic''': [[wikipedia:Silybum marianum|milk thistle]] (silymarin), [[wikipedia:Curcuma longa|turmeric]] (''Curcuma longa'')
* '''Cardiovascular''': [[wikipedia:Crataegus|hawthorn]] (''Crataegus monogyna'' and ''C. laevigata''), [[wikipedia:Allium sativum|garlic]] (''Allium sativum''), [[wikipedia:Olea europaea|olive leaf]] (''Olea europaea''), [[wikipedia:Hibiscus|hibiscus]] (''Hibiscus sabdariffa''), [[wikipedia:Coleus|forskolin source]] (''Coleus forskohlii'', restricted use)
* '''Cognitive, circulatory, and adaptogenic''': [[wikipedia:Ginkgo biloba|ginkgo]] (''Ginkgo biloba''), [[wikipedia:Bacopa monnieri|bacopa]] (''Bacopa monnieri''), [[wikipedia:Withania somnifera|ashwagandha]] (''Withania somnifera''), [[wikipedia:Rhodiola|rhodiola]] (''Rhodiola rosea''), [[wikipedia:Panax ginseng|Asian ginseng]] (''Panax ginseng'') and [[wikipedia:American ginseng|American ginseng]] (''Panax quinquefolius''), [[wikipedia:Eleutherococcus senticosus|eleuthero]] (''Eleutherococcus senticosus'')
* '''Nervine, calming, and sleep''': [[wikipedia:Valeriana officinalis|valerian]] (''Valeriana officinalis''), [[wikipedia:Melissa officinalis|lemon balm]] (''Melissa officinalis''), [[wikipedia:Passiflora incarnata|passionflower]] (''Passiflora incarnata''), [[wikipedia:Humulus lupulus|hops]] (''Humulus lupulus'')
* '''Mood and affective''': [[wikipedia:Hypericum perforatum|St John's wort]] (''Hypericum perforatum''), [[wikipedia:Crocus sativus|saffron]] (''Crocus sativus''), [[wikipedia:Mucuna pruriens|mucuna]] (''Mucuna pruriens'')
* '''Women's reproductive health''': [[wikipedia:Actaea racemosa|black cohosh]] (''Actaea racemosa''), [[wikipedia:Vitex agnus-castus|chasteberry]] (''Vitex agnus-castus''), [[wikipedia:Rubus idaeus|red raspberry leaf]] (''Rubus idaeus''), [[wikipedia:Cimicifuga|blue cohosh]] (caution: oxytocic, restricted)
* '''Urological''': [[wikipedia:Serenoa repens|saw palmetto]] (''Serenoa repens''), [[wikipedia:Cucurbita pepo|pumpkin seed]] (''Cucurbita pepo''), [[wikipedia:Vaccinium macrocarpon|cranberry]] (''Vaccinium macrocarpon'')
* '''Immune-modulating and antiviral''': [[wikipedia:Echinacea|echinacea]] (''Echinacea purpurea'' and ''E. angustifolia''), [[wikipedia:Sambucus nigra|elderberry]] (''Sambucus nigra''), [[wikipedia:Astragalus propinquus|astragalus]] (''Astragalus mongholicus''), [[wikipedia:Andrographis paniculata|andrographis]] (''Andrographis paniculata'')
* '''Respiratory and demulcent''': [[wikipedia:Tussilago|coltsfoot]] (restricted, pyrrolizidine alkaloids), [[wikipedia:Glycyrrhiza glabra|licorice root]] (''Glycyrrhiza glabra''), [[wikipedia:Pelargonium sidoides|pelargonium]] (''Pelargonium sidoides'')
* '''Dermatologic''': [[wikipedia:Aloe vera|aloe vera]] (topical), [[wikipedia:Calendula officinalis|calendula]] (''Calendula officinalis''), [[wikipedia:Hamamelis virginiana|witch hazel]] (''Hamamelis virginiana''), [[wikipedia:Symphytum|comfrey]] (topical only; pyrrolizidine alkaloid liver toxicity contraindicates oral use)
* '''Anti-inflammatory and analgesic''': [[wikipedia:Boswellia serrata|boswellia]] (''Boswellia serrata''), [[wikipedia:Capsicum|capsicum / cayenne]] (''Capsicum annuum'' and ''C. frutescens''; capsaicin topical), [[wikipedia:Devil's claw|devil's claw]] (''Harpagophytum procumbens''), [[wikipedia:Salix|willow bark]] (''Salix alba'', the ancestor of aspirin)
* '''Other''': [[wikipedia:Lactuca virosa|wild lettuce]] (''Lactuca virosa''), [[wikipedia:Eyebright|eyebright]] (''Euphrasia''), [[wikipedia:Carbo medicinalis|activated charcoal]] (technically not herbal but historically grouped)

The list above will be progressively expanded by the wiki's herbalist-claude editorial role into the full set of approximately two hundred monographs intended for the comprehensive collection.

== Notes on scope ==

The boundary of this category is "plant or plant-derived medicine whose principal traditional and contemporary use is for non-psychoactive medical indication." Several boundaries with adjacent categories require explicit handling:

* '''The psychoactive plants''' (cannabis, the ''Papaver somniferum'' opium poppy, ''Erythroxylum coca'', the entheogens of the Pendell-axis subcategories) are collected under [[:Category:Plants|Plants]] and under the appropriate Pendell-axis subcategory, not under this category, even when those plants also have established medicinal uses; the medicinal uses are described on the individual plant pages but the categorisation reflects the principal-use criterion.
* '''The plant-derived pharmaceuticals''' (morphine, quinine, digoxin, atropine, vincristine, paclitaxel, artemisinin, the long list of plant-origin medicines that have been isolated into pharmaceutical use) are collected under their pharmaceutical class categories rather than here; the corresponding herbal-preparation pages (opium tincture under [[Opium|opium]], cinchona under cinchona, etc.) are listed in this category if their herbal use remains clinically relevant.
* '''The dietary supplements''' that are not plant-based (the omega-3 fish-oil preparations, the trace-mineral preparations, the synthetic vitamin combinations) are not herbal medicines and are listed under [[:Category:Vitamins|vitamins]], [[:Category:Iron_supplements|iron supplements]], [[:Category:Calcium_supplements|calcium supplements]], or the relevant clinical category.
* '''The animal-derived traditional medicines''' (bear bile, the Chinese pharmacopoeia's animal-product entries, the historical use of insects) are not herbal medicines and are mentioned only where their interaction with herbal preparations is clinically relevant.
* '''The mushroom medicines''' (''Hericium erinaceus'' lion's mane, ''Ganoderma lucidum'' reishi, ''Trametes versicolor'' turkey tail, ''Inonotus obliquus'' chaga, ''Cordyceps'' spp.) are fungi rather than plants; they are collected under a parallel sub-category if and when that page is built, and are listed here only when the herbal-medicine tradition treats them alongside plant medicines.

The pages in this category follow the canonical plant-medicine page structure: history-first lead, 40-to-55 percent of the page devoted to the traditional-use narrative, prohibition history folded into that narrative rather than separated, current clinical pharmacology including dosing where established, interaction profile, pregnancy and breastfeeding safety, and full reference list. Citation hierarchy follows the wiki standard: primary controlled-trial evidence where available; the major authoritative monographs (WHO, EMA HMPC, USP HMC, Memorial Sloan Kettering ''About Herbs'') where trial evidence is absent or limited; and ethnobotanical and historical sources for the traditional-use sections.

== About these pages ==

This category page is an encyclopedia article about its subject. Each individual herb monograph is a clinical-reference page in its own right and follows the canonical plant-medicine page spec. The actual index of medicines belonging to the category is generated automatically by the wiki engine, from category-membership declarations on the individual medicine pages, and appears at the foot of the page below the references.

== References ==

<references/>

[[Category:Medicines]]
[[Category:Plants]]
[[Category:CuratedCategoryPage]]