MDElliottMD: home-claude: Herb #9 Peppermint initial publish (Q1-Q3 resolved; 8 PMIDs verified; binomial italics applied)

2026-05-26T19:05:35Z

home-claude: Herb #9 Peppermint initial publish (Q1-Q3 resolved; 8 PMIDs verified; binomial italics applied)

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{{hatnote|Not to be confused with pennyroyal (''Mentha'' pulegium), a closely related but toxic species. See [[#Botany and identification|Botany and identification]] for the safety warning.}}
{{PlantMedTemplate
| name = Peppermint
| binomial = Mentha × piperita
| family = Lamiaceae
| native_range = Not native to any wild habitat: peppermint is a sterile hybrid and does not reproduce from seed. First recorded in England in the 17th century, probably arising spontaneously in cultivated mint fields near Mitcham, Surrey. Now cultivated worldwide throughout the temperate zone; principal commercial producers are the United States (Pacific Northwest and Indiana), India, and China.
| plant_part = Aerial parts (leaves and flowering tops); essential oil distilled from fresh herb; enteric-coated capsules of the essential oil for pharmaceutical use.
| image =
| intro = ''Mentha x piperita'' L. -- peppermint -- is a sterile hybrid of watermint (''Mentha'' aquatica) and spearmint (''Mentha spicata'') first documented in the herb gardens of 17th-century England. It reproduces only by vegetative spread and would disappear without cultivation; instead it has become the most widely grown aromatic herb in the world, its menthol extracted in quantities sufficient to scent a global industry of confectionery, personal care, and pharmaceuticals. Among medicinal herbs it holds an unusual distinction: enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules are supported by a Cochrane systematic review of nine randomized controlled trials reporting a number needed to treat of 2.5 for irritable bowel syndrome -- one of the strongest evidence-backed botanical indications in gastrointestinal medicine.

| history = Mint is one of the oldest plants in the human medicinal record. Dried mint leaves have been recovered from Egyptian tombs dated to approximately 1000 BCE; the Romans cultivated mint so extensively across their empire that Pliny the Elder complained they planted it everywhere.{{citation needed}} The Greek physician Dioscorides recorded multiple mint species and their uses for flatulence, nausea, and the suppression of vomiting; Hippocrates had written of mint before him. In the Arab world, the physician Ibn Sina noted mint's digestive and carminative properties in the Canon of Medicine. By the medieval period mint was among the universal European monastery garden plants, appearing in every hortus conclusus alongside sage, rosemary, and lavender.

What none of these traditions knew, because it did not yet exist, was peppermint. ''Mentha x piperita'' is a hybrid -- a cross between watermint and spearmint -- that arose, or was first recognized, in England in the 17th century, likely in the commercial mint-growing fields around Mitcham in Surrey, which became the center of English peppermint cultivation and remained so through the 19th century. John Ray, the English naturalist, first formally described peppermint as a distinct plant in 1696.{{citation needed}} The English cultivated it first; then the Americans took it -- particularly the farmers of Chautauqua County, New York and later the Columbia River basin -- and by the 19th century peppermint was a transatlantic commodity. By the 20th century it was a global industrial crop, its oil distilled in tonnage for the tobacco, confectionery, and oral hygiene industries, and the pharmacognosists were beginning to work out exactly why it did what it had always done to a troubled gut.

The therapeutic pivot came in stages. Commission E in Germany approved peppermint oil for spasmodic complaints of the upper gastrointestinal tract in 1990, grounded in traditional use and the available pharmacological rationale. The pharmaceutical form -- enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules formulated to survive the stomach acid and release their contents in the small intestine -- was the key innovation; Colpermin appeared in the 1980s and accumulated clinical trial data through the 1990s and 2000s. The Cochrane Collaboration's 2014 systematic review was the culmination of that evidence, and it placed peppermint oil among the most rigorously substantiated botanical interventions in gastroenterology.

| taxonomy = ''Mentha x piperita'' L. belongs to tribe Mentheae, family Lamiaceae. The multiplication sign in the binomial (x) denotes hybrid origin: the parents are ''Mentha'' aquatica (watermint) and ''Mentha spicata'' (spearmint). The hybrid is triploid and entirely sterile -- it sets no viable seed and propagates exclusively by vegetative means (rhizomes and cuttings). The x piperita epithet (pepper-mint) refers to the hot-cool-pungent character of the fresh leaf, distinct from the milder spearmint parent.

The genus ''Mentha'' comprises approximately 25 recognized species and a very large number of hybrids, cultivars, and named varieties; the genus is taxonomically complex, and menthol content varies considerably across species and cultivars. Medically and commercially significant species include:

''Mentha'' aquatica (watermint): one parent of peppermint; grows in wet habitats; high linalool content; mild medicinal use.

''Mentha spicata'' (spearmint): the other parent; carvone-dominant rather than menthol-dominant; gentler, less cooling; the spearmint of culinary use and the safer option for children and for those who do not tolerate peppermint's LES-relaxing effect.

''Mentha'' arvensis (corn mint, Japanese peppermint): the dominant commercial source of natural menthol crystals; native to Asia; the oil from this species is far higher in menthol (70 to 90 percent) than peppermint oil (35 to 55 percent) and is the source of most of the menthol in commercial cough drops, mentholated cigarettes, and topical pain preparations.

''Mentha'' pulegium (pennyroyal): HIGHLY TOXIC. Pulegone-rich; historically used as a folk abortifacient; cases of maternal fatality and severe hepatic failure have been reported following ingestion of pennyroyal oil as an abortifacient agent.{{citation needed}} Pennyroyal should never be used as a substitute for peppermint in any context; the two plants have been confused in commercial herbal markets with fatal consequences.

The medicinal parts of M. x piperita are the aerial parts -- leaves and flowering tops -- harvested before full flowering. The essential oil is steam-distilled from fresh herb; genuine peppermint oil should contain menthol at 35 to 55 percent, distinguishing it from the lower-grade lavandin oil in the lavender trade's parallel adulteration problem.

| traditional_uses = '''Western herbal medicine (primary centroid)'''

Peppermint's principal traditional indications mirror its modern evidence base with unusual fidelity: flatulence and bloating, digestive cramping and colic, nausea and vomiting, dyspepsia, headache (particularly the common tension headache with a frontal or temporal distribution), nasal congestion from colds, and muscle pain. The herb has been used for these purposes in continuous Western practice from at least the 18th century, when peppermint tea became the commonest domestic remedy for an upset stomach in Britain and America. The inhalational use for nasal congestion -- peppermint steam over hot water, peppermint oil rubbed on the chest or dissolved in a steam inhaler -- has equal continuity. The topical application to the temple and forehead for headache appears in 18th- and 19th-century domestic medicine texts and was given its first controlled clinical evidence base by Gobel in 1996.

'''TCM: Bo He (薄荷)'''

Peppermint is used in Chinese medicine under the name Bo He, though the plant sourced in Chinese practice is frequently ''Mentha'' haplocalyx or other Asian ''Mentha'' species rather than M. x piperita; the volatile-oil chemistry is sufficiently similar for the indications to overlap. In the TCM framework, Bo He is classified as pungent and cool, entering the lung and liver meridians. Its primary indications are wind-heat exterior patterns (early common cold or influenza with fever, sore throat, headache) where it disperses the pathogenic wind-heat; it also clears the head and eyes for wind-heat-related headache and red eyes, and moves liver qi stagnation for irritability and distention. In formulae, it is frequently combined with Forsythia (Lian Qiao) and Lonicera (Jin Yin Hua) in standard wind-heat formulas such as Yin Qiao San.{{citation needed}}

'''Ayurvedic medicine (Pudina)'''

Peppermint is used in Ayurvedic medicine as Pudina, described as pungent, slightly bitter, and cooling in action; it pacifies kapha and vata doshas while having mixed effects on pitta. Principal Ayurvedic indications are digestive complaints -- dyspepsia, nausea, vomiting -- and febrile conditions where its diaphoretic action is valued. It is among the aromatics used in Ayurvedic churnas (herbal powders) for digestive support.{{citation needed}}

'''Islamic medicine (Na'na)'''

Mint was known in Arabic-speaking medicine as Na'na (نعناع) and classified as cool and drying in the Galenic-Islamic temperament system; Ibn Sina described it for digestion, fevers, headache, and nausea in the Canon of Medicine, consistent with its Dioscoridean antecedents.{{citation needed}}

| pharmacology = '''Menthol: the principal active constituent'''

Peppermint essential oil contains menthol at 35 to 55 percent of total volatile oil, menthone at 10 to 40 percent, menthyl acetate, isomenthone, 1,8-cineole, and trace amounts of pulegone (significantly higher in pennyroyal and in some lavandin adulterants).{{citation needed}}

Menthol exerts its principal therapeutic actions through two distinct receptor mechanisms.

Voltage-gated calcium channel blockade in gastrointestinal smooth muscle: menthol and whole peppermint oil inhibit L-type calcium channels in intestinal smooth muscle, reducing calcium-dependent contraction and relaxing GI tone. This was first demonstrated in a pharmacological study by Hawthorn and colleagues in 1988<ref name="hawthorn1988">Hawthorn M, Ferrante J, Luchowski E, Rutledge A, Wei XY, Triggle DJ. "The actions of peppermint oil and menthol on calcium channel dependent processes in intestinal, neuronal and cardiac smooth muscle." Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1988;2(2):101-118. PMID 2856502.</ref> and confirmed in human colonic smooth muscle by Amato and colleagues in 2014.<ref name="amato2014">Amato A, Liotta R, Mule F. "Effects of menthol on circular smooth muscle of human colon: analysis of the mechanism of action." Eur J Pharmacol. 2014;740:295-301. PMID 25046841.</ref> The L-type calcium channel mechanism accounts for menthol's antispasmodic action in the irritable bowel -- precisely the mechanism that explains why an enteric-coated capsule formulation that delivers the oil to the small and large intestine (bypassing the stomach) is necessary for IBS treatment.

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) activation: menthol is the principal natural ligand of TRPM8, the cold-sensitive ion channel responsible for the sensation of coolness (and, paradoxically, of cold-induced burning at high concentrations). TRPM8 activation in sensory neurons is the basis of peppermint's cooling sensation on the skin and mucous membranes, and contributes to its topical analgesic effect in tension headache -- initial TRPM8 activation followed by desensitization leads to reduced pain signaling in the same manner that capsaicin (TRPV1 agonist) produces topical analgesia via TRPV1 desensitization.<ref name="mckemy2002">McKemy DD, Neuhausser WM, Julius D. "Identification of a cold receptor reveals a general role for TRP channels in thermosensation." Nature. 2002;416(6876):52-58. PMID 11882888.</ref><ref name="bautista2007">Bautista DM, Siemens J, Glazer JM, Tsuruda PR, Basbaum AI. "The menthol receptor TRPM8 is the principal detector of environmental cold." Nature. 2007;448(7150):204-208. PMID 17538622.</ref>

Antimicrobial activity: peppermint essential oil demonstrates broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro, including against ''Helicobacter pylori'', ''Candida albicans'', methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'', and Escherichia coli; the mechanism involves menthol's disruption of microbial cell membrane integrity.{{citation needed}}

Choleretic activity: peppermint oil stimulates bile secretion from the gallbladder and hepatic bile production; this contributes to its efficacy in functional dyspepsia and gallbladder-related upper GI symptoms and is the pharmacological basis of the Commission E approval for bile duct and gallbladder complaints.{{citation needed}}

| clinical_evidence = '''Irritable bowel syndrome (enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules)'''

The evidence for enteric-coated peppermint oil in IBS is the strongest clinical evidence base of any herbal medicine in gastroenterology. The formulation is critical: non-enteric-coated preparations dissolve in the stomach, causing upper GI side effects (heartburn, nausea from premature LES relaxation) without delivering active oil to the target site in the small and large intestine. Enteric-coated capsules bypass the stomach and release their contents only in the more alkaline intestinal environment.

Khanna and colleagues (2014) conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of nine randomized, placebo-controlled trials (total n = 726) of enteric-coated peppermint oil for IBS. Global symptom improvement was significantly greater in the peppermint group; the pooled relative risk for global improvement was 2.23 (95 percent CI 1.78 to 2.81), corresponding to a number needed to treat of 2.5 -- a remarkably strong treatment effect for a botanical intervention in a notoriously treatment-resistant condition.<ref name="khanna2014">Khanna R, MacDonald JK, Levesque BG. "Peppermint oil for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis." J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(6):505-512. PMID 24100754.</ref>

Among the constituent trials, Cappello and colleagues (2007) randomized 57 patients with IBS to peppermint oil (Mintoil) 187 mg three times daily in enteric-coated capsules or placebo for four weeks; 75 percent of the treated group achieved at least 50 percent reduction in total symptom score, compared with 38 percent in the placebo group. Abdominal pain, distention, stool urgency, flatulence, and borborygmi all improved significantly in the peppermint group.<ref name="cappello2007">Cappello G, Spezzaferro M, Grossi L, Marzio L, Marzio L. "Peppermint oil (Mintoil) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective double blind placebo-controlled randomized trial." Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39(6):530-536. PMID 17420159.</ref>

'''Tension headache (topical peppermint oil)'''

Gobel and colleagues (1996) conducted a randomized crossover trial in patients with episodic tension-type headache, applying a 10 percent peppermint oil solution in ethanol to the forehead and temples at headache onset. Topical peppermint oil reduced headache intensity equivalently to oral paracetamol (acetaminophen) 1 g over the 60 minutes following application, with both being significantly superior to placebo. The mechanism is consistent with TRPM8-mediated cutaneous cooling followed by sensory neuron desensitization reducing pain signaling in the trigeminal area.<ref name="gobel1996">Gobel H, Fresenius J, Heinze A, Dworschak M, Soyka D. "Effectiveness of Oleum menthae piperitae and paracetamol in therapy of headache of the tension type." Nervenarzt. 1996;67(8):672-681. PMID 8805113.</ref>

A 2016 confirmatory study from the same group reaffirmed the efficacy of topical peppermint oil for acute tension-type headache in a larger sample.<ref name="gobel2016">Gobel H, Heinze A, Heinze-Kuhn K, Gobel A, Gobel C. "[Peppermint oil in the acute treatment of tension-type headache]." Schmerz. 2016;30(3):295-310. PMID 27106030.</ref>

'''Functional dyspepsia'''

Peppermint oil in combination with caraway oil (Enteroplant; MCP Pharma, Germany) has been evaluated in several randomized trials for functional dyspepsia, showing significant improvement over placebo in epigastric pain, nausea, and bloating. The combination is included as a component of the multi-herb preparation Iberogast, which has its own clinical evidence base for functional dyspepsia.{{citation needed}}

| preparations = Infusion (tea): 3 to 4 g dried leaf per cup of hot water, covered while steeping (volatile oil retention). Drunk after meals for digestive complaints; as a steam inhalant for nasal congestion (pour into a bowl and inhale steam with a towel over the head). Note that peppermint tea is the preparation with the weakest IBS evidence; the enteric-coated capsule form is the evidence-based preparation for this indication.

Tincture: 1:5 in 45 percent ethanol from dried herb; standard liquid preparation.

Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules (Colpermin; Pepogest; Mintec; generic equivalents): the only form with robust IBS clinical trial evidence. Enteric coating is essential: the coating is designed to withstand gastric acid and dissolve at the more alkaline pH of the duodenum and small intestine, delivering the oil to the intestinal target rather than the stomach. These capsules must NOT be taken simultaneously with antacids, proton pump inhibitors, or H2 blockers that alkalinize the stomach -- premature dissolution of the enteric coat risks upper GI side effects. Standard commercial dose: 187 to 225 mg three times daily, taken before meals.

Essential oil (topical): 10 percent peppermint oil in ethanol or carrier oil, applied to forehead and temples for tension headache; 2 to 3 percent in carrier oil for massage of muscle ache or abdominal spasm; steam inhalant (2 to 3 drops in hot water) for nasal congestion. Do not apply neat oil to facial skin of children or to the face or chest of infants.

Mouthwash and confectionery: standardized products are not medicinal preparations but carry genuine antimicrobial and breath-freshening effects from the menthol content.

| dosing = '''Internal preparations'''

Infusion: 3 to 4 g dried leaf per cup, three to four times daily, ideally after meals. Cover the vessel while steeping; the volatile oil evaporates readily.

Tincture: 1 to 2 ml three times daily, diluted in water.

Enteric-coated peppermint oil capsules (for IBS): 187 to 225 mg three times daily, 30 to 60 minutes before meals. Do not crush or chew. Separate from antacid use by at least two hours. The full therapeutic effect in IBS develops over two to four weeks of regular use; do not assess as a failure after a single dose.

'''External preparations'''

Tension headache: 10 percent peppermint oil in ethanol, applied by cotton ball or rollerball applicator to forehead and both temples at headache onset; repeat at 15 and 30 minutes as needed. Keep well away from eyes. This is the protocol used in the Gobel trials.

Muscle tension and spasm: 2 to 3 percent essential oil in carrier oil, applied by massage to affected area.

Nasal congestion: 2 to 3 drops essential oil in a bowl of hot water; inhale steam for 5 to 10 minutes with a towel draped over head and bowl. Do not use this method with children under 12, or with infants under any circumstances.

'''Recreational dose ladder'''

Peppermint has no established recreational dose structure. Menthol's TRPM8-mediated cooling sensation is pleasurable and widely exploited in confectionery, oral hygiene, and tobacco products; however, the sensation is immediate, topical, and non-dose-escalating -- there is no psychoactive intensification with increasing dose, and no recreational culture of peppermint use as a psychoactive agent exists in any documented tradition. At high oral doses, menthol produces nausea and GI discomfort rather than pleasure; the pharmacological ceiling of the desirable effect is reached at modest concentrations. No dose ladder is warranted.

| pharmacokinetics = Menthol is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral ingestion of non-enteric-coated preparations; enteric-coated formulations delay absorption to the small intestine, which is the therapeutic intent for IBS. Menthol undergoes hepatic glucuronidation and sulfation; the conjugated metabolites are excreted renally, with menthol glucuronide detectable in urine as a biomarker of exposure. The elimination half-life of menthol is approximately one to two hours. Following topical application, menthol is absorbed dermally at a rate sufficient to produce detectable plasma concentrations; dermal absorption is faster with ethanol-based compared to oil-based vehicles.{{citation needed}}

| interactions = Antacids, proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists: alkalinization of gastric pH by any of these agents can dissolve the enteric coating of peppermint oil capsules prematurely, causing upper GI side effects (heartburn, nausea, belching) and reducing delivery to the intended intestinal target. Antacids should be separated from enteric-coated capsule dosing by a minimum of two hours.

Central nervous system depressants: additive effects possible with sedating medicines and herbal preparations; peppermint has mild CNS-relaxing effects at therapeutic doses.

Cyclosporine: case reports suggest possible elevation of cyclosporine plasma levels in transplant recipients using peppermint oil preparations; a potential CYP3A4 interaction. Transplant patients on cyclosporine should not use peppermint oil preparations without specialist input.{{citation needed}}

Cyclosporine aside, cytochrome P450 inhibition by peppermint oil at standard enteric-coated capsule doses (187 to 225 mg three times daily) has not been documented as clinically significant in pharmacokinetic interaction studies.

| interactionsummary = Separate from antacids by 2 hours (enteric coat dissolution risk). Theoretical CYP3A4 interaction; case report of cyclosporine elevation. Additive CNS relaxant effect with sedatives.

| safety = The most important safety issue with peppermint is also the most preventable: administration to children under five, or inhalant menthol preparations applied near the face of infants. Menthol applied to the nose, mouth, or chest of infants and young children has caused laryngospasm and bronchospasm, including apnea, in case reports; this has occurred with direct application of peppermint oil or Vicks VapoRub-equivalent preparations to the chest or upper lip. Products containing menthol should not be applied near the face of children under five; for infants and toddlers, no menthol-containing preparations are appropriate.{{citation needed}}

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and hiatal hernia: menthol relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). Peppermint tea and non-enteric-coated preparations should be avoided in patients with active reflux disease; enteric-coated capsules (which deliver the oil below the LES, to the intestine) are substantially lower-risk but should still be used with caution in severe or symptomatic GERD.

Pennyroyal (''Mentha'' pulegium) confusion: pennyroyal is a toxic mint-family plant sometimes sold as or confused with peppermint; its pulegone-rich essential oil has caused hepatic failure and maternal death when taken as an abortifacient. Any herb labeled as pennyroyal, European pennyroyal, or squaw mint should be treated as toxic. This warning applies to herbal suppliers and to patients who gather wild mints without botanical identification.

Gallstones: peppermint oil's choleretic effect stimulates the gallbladder; patients with known gallstones should use peppermint oil preparations cautiously, as stimulation of bile flow in the presence of obstructing stones could precipitate biliary colic.

Pregnancy: no clinical trial safety data; peppermint tea is used in traditional midwifery for pregnancy-related nausea and is generally considered safe at infusion doses; enteric-coated oil capsules at medicinal doses have not been evaluated in pregnancy and are not recommended.

| monitoring = No routine monitoring required for infusion use or enteric-coated capsules at standard IBS doses in otherwise healthy adults. Patients with GERD on enteric-coated capsules: symptom monitoring for worsening reflux. Transplant patients on cyclosporine: if using peppermint oil, check cyclosporine levels within two to four weeks of starting or changing dose.

| counseling = The formulation distinction is the most important thing to convey to patients using peppermint for IBS: only enteric-coated capsules have the clinical evidence base, because only they deliver the oil to the intestinal target. Peppermint tea, while pleasant and acceptable for mild general digestive symptoms, has not been tested for IBS and should not be substituted for the enteric-coated capsule in patients with established IBS diagnosis.

For tension headache, the topical preparation (10 percent peppermint oil in ethanol on forehead and temples) requires patient instruction on avoiding the eyes; a rollerball applicator is more practical than cotton-ball application for self-use. The effect onset is rapid -- patients should expect some relief within 15 to 30 minutes, earlier than with oral paracetamol.

Parents of infants and young children should be advised specifically that peppermint oil and all mentholated preparations should not be applied to the face, nose, or chest of children under five, and not at all to the face of infants.

| regulatory = '''Germany and European Union'''

German Commission E: peppermint oil approved for spastic complaints of the upper GI tract, bile duct and gallbladder; external use for myalgia and neuralgia; and inhalation for diseases of the upper respiratory tract. Peppermint leaf (dried herb) approved for carminative and antispasmodic use in the GI tract.

EMA: positive assessment issued for peppermint oil in enteric-coated capsules for IBS, classified as a well-established use (based on clinical trial evidence) rather than traditional use -- a stronger regulatory designation reflecting the Cochrane-level evidence base. This distinguishes peppermint oil from most other botanical preparations in the EMA monograph system.<ref name="ema-peppermint">European Union herbal monograph on Mentha x piperita L., aetheroleum. EMA/HMPC/522410/2013. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). First published: 24 July 2020. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/herbal/menthae-piperitae-aetheroleum</ref>

'''United States'''

Peppermint oil: GRAS as a food flavoring. Sold as a dietary supplement under DSHEA without FDA evaluation for therapeutic claims. No FDA-approved therapeutic indication.

'''United Kingdom'''

Colpermin (enteric-coated peppermint oil, 187 mg) is licensed as a pharmacy-only medicine for IBS in the UK; this is a higher regulatory status than a food supplement or herbal registration, reflecting the clinical trial evidence. Additional peppermint preparations registered under the MHRA traditional herbal registration scheme for digestive symptoms.

| history =
| effects =
| traditional_geography =
| anecdotes =
}}

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Plants]]
[[Category:Herbal medicines]]
[[Category:Medicines]]
[[Category:Digestive herbs]]
[[Category:Carminatives]]
[[Category:Aromatics]]
[[Category:Western clinical herbs]]

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	Colpermin (enteric-coated peppermint oil, 187 mg) is licensed as a pharmacy-only medicine for IBS in the UK; this is a higher regulatory status than a food supplement or herbal registration, reflecting the clinical trial evidence. Additional peppermint preparations registered under the MHRA traditional herbal registration scheme for digestive symptoms.		Colpermin (enteric-coated peppermint oil, 187 mg) is licensed as a pharmacy-only medicine for IBS in the UK; this is a higher regulatory status than a food supplement or herbal registration, reflecting the clinical trial evidence. Additional peppermint preparations registered under the MHRA traditional herbal registration scheme for digestive symptoms.
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	{{hatnote\|Not to be confused with pennyroyal (''Mentha'' pulegium), a closely related but toxic species. See [[#~~Botany and identification\|~~Botany and identification]] for the safety warning.}}		{{hatnote\|Not to be confused with pennyroyal (''Mentha'' pulegium), a closely related but toxic species. See the [[#Botany and identification]] section for the full safety warning.}}
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	Colpermin (enteric-coated peppermint oil, 187 mg) is licensed as a pharmacy-only medicine for IBS in the UK; this is a higher regulatory status than a food supplement or herbal registration, reflecting the clinical trial evidence. Additional peppermint preparations registered under the MHRA traditional herbal registration scheme for digestive symptoms.		Colpermin (enteric-coated peppermint oil, 187 mg) is licensed as a pharmacy-only medicine for IBS in the UK; this is a higher regulatory status than a food supplement or herbal registration, reflecting the clinical trial evidence. Additional peppermint preparations registered under the MHRA traditional herbal registration scheme for digestive symptoms.

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Peppermint - Revision history

Maintenance script: Move references inside PlantMedTemplate call (fix phantom leading paragraphs)

MDElliottMD: home-claude: remove inter-parameter blank lines (designer-claude gap fix 2026-05-26)

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MDElliottMD: home-claude: Herb #9 Peppermint initial publish (Q1-Q3 resolved; 8 PMIDs verified; binomial italics applied)