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This page is a reference taxonomy of pharmacological '''classes''' used throughout Pharmacopedia. Click any class name to browse its members. Individual | This page is a reference taxonomy of pharmacological '''classes''' used throughout Pharmacopedia. Click any class name to browse its members. Individual meds are listed on the [[List of CNS-active medicines]] page. | ||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
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=== Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) === | === Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) === | ||
Inhibit MAO-A and/or MAO-B, increasing monoamine levels. Require strict dietary and | Inhibit MAO-A and/or MAO-B, increasing monoamine levels. Require strict dietary and med interaction precautions. Subclasses: | ||
* '''Irreversible non-selective MAOIs''' | * '''Irreversible non-selective MAOIs''', inhibit both MAO-A and MAO-B permanently | ||
* '''Reversible MAO-A inhibitors (RIMAs)''' | * '''Reversible MAO-A inhibitors (RIMAs)''', safer interaction profile; displaceable by tyramine | ||
* '''Selective MAO-B inhibitors''' | * '''Selective MAO-B inhibitors''', used primarily in Parkinson's disease; antidepressant at higher doses | ||
=== Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonergic Antidepressants (NaSSAs) === | === Noradrenergic and Specific Serotonergic Antidepressants (NaSSAs) === | ||
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=== First-Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs / Typicals) === | === First-Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs / Typicals) === | ||
Primarily D2 receptor antagonists. Effective for positive symptoms; high risk of extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia. Subclasses by chemical structure: | Primarily D2 receptor antagonists. Effective for positive symptoms; high risk of extrapyramidal side effects and tardive dyskinesia. Subclasses by chemical structure: | ||
* '''Phenothiazines''' | * '''Phenothiazines''', chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, perphenazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine, prochlorperazine | ||
* '''Butyrophenones''' | * '''Butyrophenones''', haloperidol, droperidol | ||
* '''Thioxanthenes''' | * '''Thioxanthenes''', thiothixene | ||
* '''Dibenzoxazepines''' | * '''Dibenzoxazepines''', loxapine | ||
* '''Dihydroindolones''' | * '''Dihydroindolones''', molindone | ||
* '''Diphenylbutylpiperidines''' | * '''Diphenylbutylpiperidines''', pimozide | ||
=== Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs / Atypicals) === | === Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs / Atypicals) === | ||
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=== Beta Blockers (peripheral somatic anxiolytic) === | === Beta Blockers (peripheral somatic anxiolytic) === | ||
β-adrenergic receptor antagonists. While primarily cardiovascular | β-adrenergic receptor antagonists. While primarily cardiovascular meds, they are widely used off-label as peripheral anxiolytics, blunting the somatic (tachycardia, tremor, sweating) manifestations of acute anxiety without sedation or dependence liability. Particularly useful for performance anxiety, akathisia, and essential tremor. [[Propranolol]] is the prototype. See [[:Category:Beta Blockers]]. | ||
== Stimulants & Wake-Promoting Agents == | == Stimulants & Wake-Promoting Agents == | ||
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=== Mu-Opioid Receptor Agonists === | === Mu-Opioid Receptor Agonists === | ||
Analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, and constipation via mu (μ) opioid receptors. The primary class for moderate-to-severe pain management. Subclasses: | Analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, and constipation via mu (μ) opioid receptors. The primary class for moderate-to-severe pain management. Subclasses: | ||
* '''Natural opioids''' | * '''Natural opioids''', derived directly from the opium poppy | ||
* '''Semisynthetic opioids''' | * '''Semisynthetic opioids''', modified natural opioids | ||
* '''Synthetic opioids''' | * '''Synthetic opioids''', fully synthetic; no plant-derived precursors | ||
=== Partial Mu-Opioid Agonists === | === Partial Mu-Opioid Agonists === | ||
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Many anticonvulsants are also used for pain, migraine prophylaxis, mood stabilization, or anxiety. | Many anticonvulsants are also used for pain, migraine prophylaxis, mood stabilization, or anxiety. | ||
== Antiparkinsonian | == Antiparkinsonian Meds == | ||
=== Dopamine Precursors === | === Dopamine Precursors === | ||
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Reduce glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and may reduce dyskinesias. Amantadine also has dopamine-releasing effects. | Reduce glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and may reduce dyskinesias. Amantadine also has dopamine-releasing effects. | ||
== Anti-Dementia | == Anti-Dementia Meds == | ||
=== Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEIs) === | === Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (AChEIs) === | ||
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== Antihistamines == | == Antihistamines == | ||
H1 receptor antagonists. First-generation agents cross the blood-brain barrier and produce sedation, anticholinergic effects, and at high doses, delirium. Divided by generation: | H1 receptor antagonists. First-generation agents cross the blood-brain barrier and produce sedation, anticholinergic effects, and at high doses, delirium. Divided by generation: | ||
* '''First-generation''' | * '''First-generation''', lipophilic; CNS-penetrant; sedating; anticholinergic | ||
* '''Second-generation''' | * '''Second-generation''', less CNS penetration; non-sedating | ||
== Addiction | == Addiction Med == | ||
Meds used to treat substance use disorders. Mechanisms are specific to the target substance: | |||
* Opioid agonist therapy (methadone, buprenorphine) | * Opioid agonist therapy (methadone, buprenorphine) | ||
* Opioid antagonists (naltrexone, naloxone, nalmefene) | * Opioid antagonists (naltrexone, naloxone, nalmefene) | ||
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* Alpha-2 agonists for withdrawal (clonidine, lofexidine) | * Alpha-2 agonists for withdrawal (clonidine, lofexidine) | ||
== Migraine | == Migraine Meds == | ||
=== Triptans (5-HT1B/1D Agonists) === | === Triptans (5-HT1B/1D Agonists) === | ||
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=== Classical Psychedelics (Serotonergic) === | === Classical Psychedelics (Serotonergic) === | ||
Primary mechanism is agonism at 5-HT2A receptors in the cortex, producing profound alterations in perception, cognition, and sense of self. Subclasses by chemical scaffold: | Primary mechanism is agonism at 5-HT2A receptors in the cortex, producing profound alterations in perception, cognition, and sense of self. Subclasses by chemical scaffold: | ||
* '''Tryptamines''' | * '''Tryptamines''', indole alkaloids structurally related to serotonin | ||
* '''Lysergamides''' | * '''Lysergamides''', ergoline derivatives of lysergic acid | ||
* '''Phenethylamines''' | * '''Phenethylamines''', related to the catecholamine scaffold (mescaline and analogues) | ||
* '''2C-x series''' | * '''2C-x series''', 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines | ||
* '''DOx series''' | * '''DOx series''', amphetamine-based phenethylamines; very long duration | ||
* '''NBOMe / NBOH series''' | * '''NBOMe / NBOH series''', N-benzyl derivatives; extremely potent; no oral activity | ||
=== Empathogens / Entactogens === | === Empathogens / Entactogens === | ||
Primarily monoamine-releasing agents (especially serotonin) with partial 5-HT2A agonism. Produce emotional openness and prosocial effects. Core subclasses: | Primarily monoamine-releasing agents (especially serotonin) with partial 5-HT2A agonism. Produce emotional openness and prosocial effects. Core subclasses: | ||
* '''MDxx''' | * '''MDxx''', methylenedioxy-substituted amphetamines and cathinones | ||
* '''Benzofurans''' | * '''Benzofurans''', related scaffold; primarily serotonergic | ||
=== Dissociatives === | === Dissociatives === | ||
NMDA receptor antagonists producing dose-dependent detachment from self and environment. At sub-anesthetic doses: analgesia, euphoria, perceptual distortion. Subclasses: | NMDA receptor antagonists producing dose-dependent detachment from self and environment. At sub-anesthetic doses: analgesia, euphoria, perceptual distortion. Subclasses: | ||
* '''Arylcyclohexylamines''' | * '''Arylcyclohexylamines''', ketamine, PCP, and analogues; σ1 and dopaminergic activity | ||
* '''Morphinans''' | * '''Morphinans''', dextromethorphan, dextrorphan; also sigma-1 and serotonergic | ||
* '''Diarylethylamines''' | * '''Diarylethylamines''', diphenidine and related | ||
* '''Adamantanes''' | * '''Adamantanes''', memantine | ||
* '''Other''' | * '''Other''', nitrous oxide, xenon | ||
=== Deliriants === | === Deliriants === | ||
Produce a state of true delirium | Produce a state of true delirium, confusion, disorientation, and realistic hallucinations indistinguishable from reality. Subclasses: | ||
* '''Anticholinergics (muscarinic antagonists)''' | * '''Anticholinergics (muscarinic antagonists)''', block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors; atropine, scopolamine, hyoscyamine, diphenhydramine | ||
* '''Kainate / AMPA agonists''' | * '''Kainate / AMPA agonists''', ibotenic acid | ||
* '''GABAA agonists (at sedating doses)''' | * '''GABAA agonists (at sedating doses)''', muscimol | ||
* '''Other''' | * '''Other''', benzydamine, myristicin | ||
=== κ-Opioid Agonists === | === κ-Opioid Agonists === | ||
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=== Pharmaceutical Cannabinoids === | === Pharmaceutical Cannabinoids === | ||
Regulated preparations of naturally-derived or synthetic cannabinoids approved for specific | Regulated preparations of naturally-derived or synthetic cannabinoids approved for specific problems. | ||
== Nootropics == | == Nootropics == | ||
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== Research Materials == | == Research Materials == | ||
Compounds primarily of research interest, with limited or no human clinical approval. Many are analogues of approved | Compounds primarily of research interest, with limited or no human clinical approval. Many are analogues of approved meds or classical psychoactive substances. Use of the term '''material''' is preferred over "med" or "substance" in this context. | ||
=== Lysergamides === | === Lysergamides === | ||