Category:Opioids: Difference between revisions

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By the early nineteenth century, laudanum was widely and legally available, and [[opium]] acquired a notable place in literary culture. In 1821 Thomas De Quincey published ''Confessions of an English Opium-Eater'', an autobiographical account of his laudanum use widely regarded as the first literary memoir of addiction; it linked [[opium]] to the imaginative life of the Romantic era and influenced later writers.<ref name="dequincey">De Quincey T. ''Confessions of an English Opium-Eater.'' London Magazine; 1821.</ref>

[[Opium]] was also a major article of international trade. Most consequential was the nineteenth-century commerce between British India and China; Chinese attempts to halt the inflow of [[opium]], and the British use of force in response, led to the conflicts known as the [[Opium]] Wars.<ref name="newsweek"/> The trade was not solely British — prominent American merchants, including John Jacob Astor and Boston trading firms, also participated in the nineteenth-century [[opium]] commerce with China.<ref name="frontline">Opium throughout history. FRONTLINE, ''The Opium Kings.'' PBS; 1998.</ref>

[[Opium]] was also a major article of international trade. Most consequential was the nineteenth-century commerce between British India and China; Chinese attempts to halt the inflow of [[opium]], and the British use of force in response, led to the conflicts known as the Opium Wars.<ref name="newsweek"/> The trade was not solely British — prominent American merchants, including John Jacob Astor and Boston trading firms, also participated in the nineteenth-century [[opium]] commerce with China.<ref name="frontline">Opium throughout history. FRONTLINE, ''The Opium Kings.'' PBS; 1998.</ref>

== The isolation of morphine ==

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== Drug regulation in the early twentieth century ==

Through the nineteenth century, [[opium]] and its derivatives were largely unregulated in the United States and were widely sold in patent medicines. A series of early-twentieth-century laws changed this. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required medicines to disclose ingredients such as opiates on their labels; this measure alone is reported to have reduced opiate sales substantially.<ref name="psmag">One hundred years ago, prohibition began in earnest. ''Pacific Standard.'' 2015.</ref> The Smoking [[Opium]] Exclusion Act of 1909 banned the importation of [[opium]] prepared for smoking. The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 required those who produced, imported, or distributed opiates — including prescribing physicians — to register and pay a tax; it was subsequently interpreted by courts and enforcement officials to prohibit the prescribing of opioids to maintain people who were addicted, which moved much opioid use outside legal medicine.<ref name="psmag"/>

Through the nineteenth century, [[opium]] and its derivatives were largely unregulated in the United States and were widely sold in patent medicines. A series of early-twentieth-century laws changed this. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 required medicines to disclose ingredients such as opiates on their labels; this measure alone is reported to have reduced opiate sales substantially.<ref name="psmag">One hundred years ago, prohibition began in earnest. ''Pacific Standard.'' 2015.</ref> The Smoking Opium Exclusion Act of 1909 banned the importation of [[opium]] prepared for smoking. The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 required those who produced, imported, or distributed opiates — including prescribing physicians — to register and pay a tax; it was subsequently interpreted by courts and enforcement officials to prohibit the prescribing of opioids to maintain people who were addicted, which moved much opioid use outside legal medicine.<ref name="psmag"/>

== The modern opioid epidemic ==

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