Bromazolam: Difference between revisions
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Create Bromazolam page (designer benzodiazepine; harm-reduction) |
Terminology sweep (site-wide): drug/medication → medicine |
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| bioavailability = Not formally characterized in humans. | | bioavailability = Not formally characterized in humans. | ||
| pregnancy = Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data — assume worst-case. | | pregnancy = Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data — assume worst-case. | ||
| legal = First synthesized by Upjohn in 1976; never marketed. Schedule I in several U.S. states (e.g., Virginia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama); federally unscheduled in the U.S. as of mid-2020s but DEA has listed it as a | | legal = First synthesized by Upjohn in 1976; never marketed. Schedule I in several U.S. states (e.g., Virginia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama); federally unscheduled in the U.S. as of mid-2020s but DEA has listed it as a medicine of concern. Class C in the UK (generic benzodiazepine controls). Controlled in Sweden, Germany (NpSG), Switzerland, and Canada. | ||
| intro = '''Bromazolam''' is a triazolobenzodiazepine first synthesized by Upjohn in 1976 and never developed clinically. It emerged on the research-chemical market around 2016 and, beginning around 2021–2022, became one of the most commonly encountered designer benzodiazepines in North America — notably as an adulterant in the illicit opioid supply alongside fentanyl and, often, xylazine. Pharmacologically and structurally it is the bromine analog of alprazolam, with comparable potency and a similar (or somewhat longer) duration of action. | | intro = '''Bromazolam''' is a triazolobenzodiazepine first synthesized by Upjohn in 1976 and never developed clinically. It emerged on the research-chemical market around 2016 and, beginning around 2021–2022, became one of the most commonly encountered designer benzodiazepines in North America — notably as an adulterant in the illicit opioid supply alongside fentanyl and, often, xylazine. Pharmacologically and structurally it is the bromine analog of alprazolam, with comparable potency and a similar (or somewhat longer) duration of action. | ||
| pharmacokinetics = Lipophilic; orally bioavailable; hepatic metabolism (CYP3A4 predominantly) with hydroxylated metabolites. Half-life appears longer than alprazolam, with case reports of detection in blood/urine for days after a single exposure. Standard benzodiazepine immunoassay screens frequently '''miss''' bromazolam — confirmatory LC-MS/MS is required for reliable detection. | | pharmacokinetics = Lipophilic; orally bioavailable; hepatic metabolism (CYP3A4 predominantly) with hydroxylated metabolites. Half-life appears longer than alprazolam, with case reports of detection in blood/urine for days after a single exposure. Standard benzodiazepine immunoassay screens frequently '''miss''' bromazolam — confirmatory LC-MS/MS is required for reliable detection. | ||
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| seealso = [[Alprazolam]], [[Clonazolam]], [[Flualprazolam]], [[Etizolam]], [[Flumazenil]], [[Fentanyl]], [[Xylazine]], [[Naloxone]] | | seealso = [[Alprazolam]], [[Clonazolam]], [[Flualprazolam]], [[Etizolam]], [[Flumazenil]], [[Fentanyl]], [[Xylazine]], [[Naloxone]] | ||
| references = | | references = | ||
* DEA Diversion. ''Bromazolam.'' | * DEA Diversion. ''Bromazolam.'' Medicine & Chemical Evaluation Section, 2023. | ||
* Papsun DM, et al. Forensic toxicology of bromazolam. ''J Anal Toxicol'' 2022. | * Papsun DM, et al. Forensic toxicology of bromazolam. ''J Anal Toxicol'' 2022. | ||
* CFSRE / NPS Discovery. Bromazolam emergence reports, 2021–2024. | * CFSRE / NPS Discovery. Bromazolam emergence reports, 2021–2024. | ||
* Health Canada / CCENDU bulletins on designer benzodiazepines in the unregulated | * Health Canada / CCENDU bulletins on designer benzodiazepines in the unregulated medicine supply. | ||
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