Psilocybin: Difference between revisions
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| bioavailability = Oral bioavailability of psilocin from administered psilocybin approximately 50% | | bioavailability = Oral bioavailability of psilocin from administered psilocybin approximately 50% | ||
| pregnancy = Not studied in human pregnancy; no approved clinical use in any population | | pregnancy = Not studied in human pregnancy; no approved clinical use in any population | ||
| legal = [[Schedule I]] ([[Controlled Substances Act|United States Controlled Substances Act]] 1970); Schedule I ([[Convention on Psychotropic Substances|United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] 1971); decriminalized possession or regulated-services-legal in a growing list of US jurisdictions ([[Oregon Measure 109|Oregon]] 2020, [[Colorado Proposition 122|Colorado]] 2022, [[Denver psilocybin decriminalization|Denver]] May 2019, Oakland June 2019, others); legal sclerotium-product market in the Netherlands | | legal = [[USLegal:DEA Schedule I|Schedule I]] ([[Controlled Substances Act|United States Controlled Substances Act]] 1970); Schedule I ([[Convention on Psychotropic Substances|United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] 1971); decriminalized possession or regulated-services-legal in a growing list of US jurisdictions ([[Oregon Measure 109|Oregon]] 2020, [[Colorado Proposition 122|Colorado]] 2022, [[Denver psilocybin decriminalization|Denver]] May 2019, Oakland June 2019, others); legal sclerotium-product market in the Netherlands | ||
| mechanism = Prodrug to [[Psilocin|psilocin]] (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), a partial agonist at the [[Receptor:5-HT2A|5-HT2A]] serotonin receptor; the action that defines the classical-psychedelic mechanism | | mechanism = Prodrug to [[Psilocin|psilocin]] (4-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine), a partial agonist at the [[Receptor:5-HT2A|5-HT2A]] serotonin receptor; the action that defines the classical-psychedelic mechanism | ||
| intro = Psilocybin, chemically 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine alkaloid produced by approximately two hundred species of mushrooms across several genera, of which [[Psilocybe]] is the most widely studied. Psilocybin is itself biologically inactive; gastric and intestinal [[Alkaline phosphatase|alkaline phosphatases]] dephosphorylate it within minutes of absorption to [[Psilocin|psilocin]], the psychoactive metabolite.<ref name="nichols2016">Nichols DE. Psychedelics. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68(2):264-355. PMID: 26841800.</ref> The mushrooms have been used ceremonially across [[Mesoamerica|Mesoamerica]] for at least two thousand years, and in their Mesoamerican context were known by the Mexica (Aztec) name teonanácatl, conventionally translated "flesh of the gods."[citation needed] The compound was isolated and named by [[Albert Hofmann]] at [[Sandoz Laboratories]] in Basel in 1958,<ref name="hofmann1958">Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H. Psilocybin, ein psychotroper Wirkstoff aus dem mexikanischen Rauschpilz Psilocybe mexicana Heim. Experientia. 1958;14(3):107-109. PMID: 13537892.</ref> three years after [[R. Gordon Wasson]], a New York banker and amateur ethnomycologist, attended a velada with the Mazatec curandera [[María Sabina]] in [[Huautla de Jiménez]], Oaxaca, and brought back the first samples from which the chemistry could be worked out. | | intro = Psilocybin, chemically 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, is a tryptamine alkaloid produced by approximately two hundred species of mushrooms across several genera, of which [[Psilocybe]] is the most widely studied. Psilocybin is itself biologically inactive; gastric and intestinal [[Alkaline phosphatase|alkaline phosphatases]] dephosphorylate it within minutes of absorption to [[Psilocin|psilocin]], the psychoactive metabolite.<ref name="nichols2016">Nichols DE. Psychedelics. Pharmacol Rev. 2016;68(2):264-355. PMID: 26841800.</ref> The mushrooms have been used ceremonially across [[Mesoamerica|Mesoamerica]] for at least two thousand years, and in their Mesoamerican context were known by the Mexica (Aztec) name teonanácatl, conventionally translated "flesh of the gods."[citation needed] The compound was isolated and named by [[Albert Hofmann]] at [[Sandoz Laboratories]] in Basel in 1958,<ref name="hofmann1958">Hofmann A, Heim R, Brack A, Kobel H. Psilocybin, ein psychotroper Wirkstoff aus dem mexikanischen Rauschpilz Psilocybe mexicana Heim. Experientia. 1958;14(3):107-109. PMID: 13537892.</ref> three years after [[R. Gordon Wasson]], a New York banker and amateur ethnomycologist, attended a velada with the Mazatec curandera [[María Sabina]] in [[Huautla de Jiménez]], Oaxaca, and brought back the first samples from which the chemistry could be worked out. | ||