Sodium Chloride: Difference between revisions
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| structure = | | structure = | ||
| classes = [[:Category:Crystalloid_IV_fluids|Crystalloid IV fluid]], [[:Category:Electrolyte_replacements|Electrolyte replacement]] | | classes = [[:Category:Crystalloid_IV_fluids|Crystalloid IV fluid]], [[:Category:Electrolyte_replacements|Electrolyte replacement]] | ||
| uses = <vote slug="volume-resuscitation-use">Volume resuscitation</vote>, <vote slug="maintenance-iv-fluid-use">Maintenance IV fluid</vote>, <vote slug="hyponatremia-use">Hyponatremia (3% hypertonic for symptomatic)</vote>, <vote slug="cystic-fibrosis-airway-clearance-use">Nebulized 3-7% for cystic fibrosis airway clearance</vote>, <vote slug="iv-medication-diluent-use">IV | | uses = <vote slug="volume-resuscitation-use">Volume resuscitation</vote>, <vote slug="maintenance-iv-fluid-use">Maintenance IV fluid</vote>, <vote slug="hyponatremia-use">Hyponatremia (3% hypertonic for symptomatic)</vote>, <vote slug="cystic-fibrosis-airway-clearance-use">Nebulized 3-7% for cystic fibrosis airway clearance</vote>, <vote slug="iv-medication-diluent-use">IV medicine diluent</vote> | ||
| starting_dose = Volume and concentration titrated to clinical status; symptomatic hyponatremia: 3% NaCl 100-150 mL bolus, reassess | | starting_dose = Volume and concentration titrated to clinical status; symptomatic hyponatremia: 3% NaCl 100-150 mL bolus, reassess | ||
| preparations = 0.225%, 0.45%, 0.9%, 3%, 5% IV solutions; 0.9% nasal spray; 3% and 7% nebulizer solutions; oral tablets (1 g) | | preparations = 0.225%, 0.45%, 0.9%, 3%, 5% IV solutions; 0.9% nasal spray; 3% and 7% nebulizer solutions; oral tablets (1 g) | ||
Latest revision as of 04:44, 23 May 2026
Sodium chloride is the principal extracellular electrolyte salt, used clinically as an intravenous crystalloid (most commonly 0.9% "normal saline"), oral or parenteral electrolyte replacement, hypertonic solution for symptomatic hyponatremia, nebulized irrigant in cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, ophthalmic decongestant, and pharmaceutical diluent[1]. Normal saline (154 mEq/L Na+ and 154 mEq/L Cl-) is the most widely administered medicinal product in the world.
Sodium chloride
Normal saline, NaCl injection, many; nebulized: HyperSal, PulmoSal
Experience
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Summary
Common uses
Volume resuscitation0, Maintenance IV fluid0, Hyponatremia (3% hypertonic for symptomatic)0, Nebulized 3-7% for cystic fibrosis airway clearance0, IV medicine diluent0
Pharmacy
Starting dose
Volume and concentration titrated to clinical status; symptomatic hyponatremia: 3% NaCl 100-150 mL bolus, reassess
Preparations
0.225%, 0.45%, 0.9%, 3%, 5% IV solutions; 0.9% nasal spray; 3% and 7% nebulizer solutions; oral tablets (1 g)
US FDA Max
No fixed maximum; titrated; sodium correction rate in chronic hyponatremia must not exceed 8-10 mEq/L per 24 hours to avoid osmotic demyelination
Pharmacology
Routes
IV, oral, nebulized, intranasal, ophthalmic
Onset
Immediate (IV)
Duration
Roughly 20-25% of an IV bolus remains intravascular at 1 hour
Half-life
Not applicable (electrolyte)
Bioavailability
100% (IV); essentially complete (oral)
Pregnancy
Standard fluid and electrolyte management
Legal status
Rx-only for parenteral formulations; OTC for oral, nasal, and many nebulizer products
Purported mechanism
Sodium chloride solutions expand the extracellular volume in proportion to their tonicity; high-volume 0.9% saline reliably produces hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis, which is why balanced crystalloids like Lactated Ringer's are often preferred for large-volume resuscitation.0 Hypertonic 3% is the standard urgent treatment of severely symptomatic hyponatremia[1].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 FDA Prescribing Information, 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, Baxter, current revision. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/018324s039lbl.pdf