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Choose a table:
Medicines (732)
Medicines
> bioavailability
:
~100% from subcutaneous depot
or
~30% (high first-pass)
or
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
Citalopram (1)
·
Escitalopram (1)
·
Hydroxyzine (hydrochloride; pamoate salt) (1)
·
Insulin aspart (1)
·
Insulin degludec (1)
·
Insulin lispro (1)
·
Methylphenidate (1)
brand:
Celexa (1)
·
Humalog, Admelog, Lyumjev (1)
·
Lexapro (1)
·
NovoLog, Fiasp (ultra-rapid), Trurapi (1)
·
Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Concerta, Metadate CD, Daytrana, Quillivant XR (1)
·
Tresiba (1)
·
Vistaril (pamoate), Atarax (HCl, discontinued in US as brand) (1)
classes:
NDRI (1)
·
Psychostimulant (1)
·
[[:Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressant]] (2)
·
[[:Category:Antihistamines|First-generation antihistamine]] (1)
·
[[:Category:Antipruritics|Antipruritic]] (1)
·
[[:Category:Anxiolytics|Anxiolytic]] (2)
·
[[:Category:Basal_insulins|Basal insulin]] (1)
·
[[:Category:Insulins|Insulin]] (3)
·
[[:Category:Mealtime_insulins|Mealtime (bolus) insulin]] (2)
·
[[:Category:Rapid-acting_insulins|Rapid-acting insulin analog]] (2)
·
[[:Category:Sleep aids|Sleep aid (off-label)]] (1)
·
[[:Category:SSRIs|Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)]] (2)
·
[[:Category:Ultra-long-acting_insulins|Ultra-long-acting insulin analog]] (1)
mechanism:
None
(1)
·
Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET) (1)
·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"' '''QT prolongation''' risk at high doses prompted the FDA's 2015 caution against use in patients with prolonged QT or with concurrent QT-prolonging medicines'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'. (1)
·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"' CYP2C19 + CYP3A4 metabolism, with CPIC PGx guidance: poor CYP2C19 metabolizers have ~3-fold higher exposure and benefit from a lower starting dose; ultrarapid metabolizers may have inadequate response'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'. (2)
·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000584-QINU`"' Binds the same insulin receptor as endogenous insulin with comparable mitogenic-to-metabolic ratio. Ultra-rapid formulations (Lyumjev) add treprostinil and citrate to accelerate absorption further'"`UNIQ--ref-00000585-QINU`"'. (1)
·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00001356-QINU`"' Binds the same insulin receptor as endogenous insulin with comparable mitogenic-to-metabolic ratio'"`UNIQ--ref-00001357-QINU`"'. (1)
uses:
ADHD, narcolepsy (1)
·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000022-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000023-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000024-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000025-QINU`"' (3)
·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000586-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000587-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000588-QINU`"' (1)
·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000005EF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005F0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005F1-QINU`"' (1)
·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00001358-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001359-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None
(1)
·
10 mg PO once daily; titrate to 20 mg/day after 1-2 weeks if needed (1)
·
20 mg PO once daily; titrate to 40 mg/day after 1 week if tolerated. Elderly (>60) and hepatic impairment: 20 mg/day ceiling (1)
·
Anxiety: 25-50 mg PO QID. Pruritus: 25 mg PO TID-QID. Insomnia: 25-50 mg PO at bedtime. Pediatric: 50-100 mg/day divided (1)
·
SC 4-6 units (or 1 unit per 10-15 g carbs) at meals; titrate to postprandial glucose (1)
·
SC 4-6 units (or 1 unit per 10-15 g carbs) at meals; titrate to postprandial glucose. Typical total daily dose 0.5-1 U/kg/d split between basal and prandial coverage in T1DM (1)
·
~10 units SC at the same time daily, or 0.1-0.2 units/kg/d; titrate by fasting glucose (1)
preparations:
None
(1)
·
100 U/mL (FlexTouch pen) and 200 U/mL (FlexTouch pen, higher-dose convenience) (1)
·
100 U/mL (Humalog, Admelog, Lyumjev) vials, pens, cartridges; 200 U/mL Humalog KwikPen (1)
·
100 U/mL (NovoLog, Fiasp) vials, pens, cartridges (1)
·
Tablets 10, 20, 40 mg; oral solution 10 mg/5 mL (1)
·
Tablets 10, 25, 50 mg (HCl); capsules 25, 50, 100 mg (pamoate); oral suspension 25 mg/5 mL; injection 25, 50 mg/mL (IM only, never IV) (1)
·
Tablets 5, 10, 20 mg; oral solution 1 mg/mL (1)
fda max:
None
(1)
·
'''20 mg/day in adults >60 years''' per FDA's 2011-2012 QT-prolongation warning; 40 mg/day in adults ≤60 (1)
·
20 mg/day (adult); 10 mg/day in elderly and in hepatic impairment (1)
·
400 mg/day theoretical; in practice rarely exceeds 200 mg/day (1)
·
Titrated to glucose; no fixed ceiling (1)
·
Titrated to glucose; no fixed maximum (2)
routes:
insulin pumps (2)
·
intramuscular (1)
·
IV (1)
·
IV (continuous infusion for DKA) (1)
·
Oral (4)
·
Subcutaneous (2)
·
Subcutaneous (never IV; not for use in insulin pumps) (1)
·
transdermal (1)
onset:
15-30 minutes (oral) (1)
·
20–60 min (oral) (1)
·
Antidepressant effect emerges over 1-2 weeks; full clinical effect 4-6 weeks (1)
·
Antidepressant effect over 1-2 weeks; full clinical effect 4-6 weeks (1)
·
SC: 5-15 minutes (Fiasp 2.5 minutes earlier on average) (1)
·
SC: 5-15 minutes; ultra-rapid Lyumjev faster (1)
·
~1 hour (1)
duration:
24 hours (once-daily dosing) (2)
·
3-5 hours (2)
·
4-6 hours (1)
·
>42 hours per dose (effectively flat once at steady state) (1)
·
IR 3–5 h; LA/SR 6–8 h; Concerta 10–12 h; Daytrana ~9 h wear time (1)
halflife:
14-25 hours (longer in elderly and hepatic impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1)
·
27-32 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1)
·
2–3 h (parent compound) (1)
·
~1 hour SC'"`UNIQ--ref-00000589-QINU`"' (1)
·
~25 hours apparent (functional duration well over 42 hours from multi-hexamer depot)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000135A-QINU`"' (1)
·
~35 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1)
·
~80 minutes SC'"`UNIQ--ref-000005F2-QINU`"' (1)
bioavailability:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
100% (IV)
· ~100% from subcutaneous depot ·
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
·
70–90% (oral)
·
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
·
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
·
~95%
·
'''Saturable''' via the LAT-1 amino-acid transporter, producing nonlinear pharmacokinetics: ~60% at 300 mg single dose, falling to ~35% at 1200 mg single dose'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
·
10-20% (oral; reduced by food, calcium, antacids, PPIs, tea/coffee; enhanced by ascorbate)
·
100% (IV); essentially complete (oral)
·
100% (IV); rapidly neutralized by gastric acid (oral)
·
16-21% capsule, 25% suspension (oral; iron and antacids reduce absorption substantially)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E5-QINU`"'
·
25 mg: ~29%; 50 mg: ~35%; food reduces absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C4F-QINU`"'
·
30-40% (oral; increases with repeated dosing as gastric pH rises)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DF-QINU`"'
·
40-45% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025C-QINU`"'
·
40-80% (oral); reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs, fiber; take fasting with water'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
·
42-58% (oral; dose-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEF-QINU`"'
·
50-60% (oral; decreased with food, but food given anyway for GI tolerance)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
·
60-70% PO at low doses; saturable at high doses (parenteral routes preferred above 15-25 mg/week)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007C9-QINU`"'
Other values:
60-80% (oral)
60-80% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000843-QINU`"'
64-90% (oral; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000079-QINU`"'
65-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013F-QINU`"'
70-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007ED-QINU`"'
70-80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A4-QINU`"'
75-90% (oral; minimally affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001A2-QINU`"'
80-90% oral
90% (oral; food delays but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F3-QINU`"'
<0.1% systemic absorption (PEG 3350 is too large to absorb intact)
<1% (oral; further reduced by food, calcium, iron, antacids; hence the strict fasting/upright dosing rules)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006C4-QINU`"'
<1% oral (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ~30% inhaled lung deposition'"`UNIQ--ref-000001DE-QINU`"'
<3% systemic absorption (the basis of the safety and mechanism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F5E-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; food enhances absorption of IR, hence the evening-meal dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000808-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; statin pharmacology is hepatocellular, not systemic)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000017B-QINU`"'
<5% systemic absorption (this is the safety basis)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DC3-QINU`"'
>90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; food slows absorption and reduces peaks, hence the post-meal dosing rule)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001BD-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not affected by food or gastric pH — a major practical advantage over itraconazole)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A48-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001120-QINU`"'
Absolute bioavailability not precisely characterized; food modestly increases exposure
Acid-labile; not effective orally (oral form available outside US as penicillin G salts but penicillin V is preferred for oral use)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000141A-QINU`"'
Adequate (food-dependent, must take with fatty meal)
Adequate oral bioavailability
Adequate oral bioavailability with extended-release formulation
Approximately 50-60% (oral; subject to first-pass metabolism); food does not significantly affect absorption.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004C-QINU`"'
Buprenorphine ~30% SL; naloxone <10% SL (intentional, inactive sublingually, matters only if injected)
Butalbital well-absorbed; aspirin 50-75%; caffeine ~100%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B8-QINU`"'
Butalbital well-absorbed; caffeine ~100%; acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015A0-QINU`"'
Carbonate ~30-40% (best with food and acid); citrate ~24% (absorbable without acid; preferred in achlorhydria, PPI use, post-bariatric)
Codeine ~60% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001518-QINU`"'
Essentially zero systemic absorption from oral or topical routes — the topical-action-only profile is the basis of its safety'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D18-QINU`"'
High (oral)
High (oral); not significantly affected by food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000397-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB5-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001051-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001165-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000012A0-QINU`"'
High (oral; absorption not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000825-QINU`"'
High (oral; food enhances)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001039-QINU`"'
High (oral; food prolongs absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000622-QINU`"'
High (oral; not affected by food, but typically given with the morning meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027D-QINU`"'
High (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B65-QINU`"'
High with fat-containing meal; reduced in malabsorption
Highly formulation-dependent; the goal is colonic delivery with minimal systemic exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBF-QINU`"'
Highly route-dependent: SL bypasses first-pass; oral has extensive first-pass (used only for chronic ER preparations); transdermal predictable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C10-QINU`"'
Highly salt-dependent: citrate ~25-30%; oxide ~4% (limited and causes osmotic diarrhea); chloride ~12%
Highly variable due to saturable first-pass metabolism'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002C-QINU`"'
IM/SC ~100%; oral negligible (extensive first-pass and gut metabolism — hence the no-oral route)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E53-QINU`"'
IV/IM ~100%; inhaled: minimal systemic; oral: negligible (not used orally for systemic infection)'"`UNIQ--ref-000010B4-QINU`"'
Improved with food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"'
Increased substantially via CYP2D6 inhibition'"`UNIQ--ref-00001584-QINU`"'
Increased with food (varies by formulation; the micronized and nanocrystal forms are less food-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004AE-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition with minimal systemic absorption (the basis of the favorable safety profile vs systemic antimuscarinics)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7C-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition ~20%; systemic absorption from lung ~33%; oral component negligible'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C1-QINU`"'
Intranasal ~40% systemic; ophthalmic minimal'"`UNIQ--ref-000013B7-QINU`"'
Intranasal: <1% systemic; inhaled lung deposition with extensive first-pass clearance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F9D-QINU`"'
Limited but adequate; take with food
Local (intramuscular)
Local action; minimal systemic effect
Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"'
Mononitrate ~100% (no first-pass; the principal advantage over dinitrate); dinitrate ~20%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001462-QINU`"'
Naltrexone ~5% (oral, extensive first-pass to 6β-naltrexol); bupropion ER ~87%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001569-QINU`"'
Negligible (not absorbed)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000058-QINU`"'
Negligible systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119D-QINU`"'
Not characterized; oral dosing once daily
Not formally characterized for the combination
Not formally characterized in humans.
Not formally established
Not formally established (high SC)
Not formally established; oral once-daily adequate
Not well characterized
Not well characterized'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
Olanzapine 60% (oral); fluoxetine high (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154E-QINU`"'
Oral bioavailability is not precisely established in the label but absorption is rapid and essentially complete. Food delays peak plasma concentration by approximately one hour but does not reduce the extent of absorption.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006F-QINU`"'
Oral bioavailability of psilocin from administered psilocybin approximately 50%
Oral bioavailability suitable for daily dosing
Oral non-undecanoate has essentially zero bioavailability (hepatic first-pass)
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100%
Oral ~5% (extensive first-pass to estrone and conjugates); transdermal bypasses first-pass, giving more physiologic estradiol:estrone ratio'"`UNIQ--ref-000003BB-QINU`"'
Oral ~70%; depot IM provides sustained release over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101B-QINU`"'
Oral ~90%; depot IM essentially 100% over the dosing interval'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F21-QINU`"'
Oral: very low (extensive first-pass); micronization improves uptake somewhat. Vaginal: high local effect with lower systemic levels (first-uterine-pass concentration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000727-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 60-87%; aspirin 50-75%'"`UNIQ--ref-000014FB-QINU`"'
Rapid absorption; absolute bioavailability not formally established
Reasonable (not formally established as a percentage)
SC ~47%–65%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
SC ~55%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018B-QINU`"'
SC ~65%–75%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~80%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~89%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> · Oral ~0.4–1% (SNAC-enhanced)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000254-QINU`"'
Sandimmune: highly variable (~30%); Neoral microemulsion: ~50%, less variable; '''Sandimmune and Neoral are NOT bioequivalent and not interchangeable''''"`UNIQ--ref-00000A92-QINU`"'
Substantially improved with high-fat meal; take with food'"`UNIQ--ref-000013D2-QINU`"'
Sumatriptan ~15% (oral; substantial first-pass); naproxen ~95%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D2-QINU`"'
Tablet ~100% relative to oral solution; extensive first-pass metabolism
Topical with limited but measurable systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001219-QINU`"'
Topical with measurable systemic absorption (small CA inhibition observed clinically with chronic use)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B0B-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-000011DA-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000123A-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001288-QINU`"'
Topical with variable systemic absorption depending on body site, occlusion, and skin integrity; HPA-axis suppression is documented even with brief courses to large areas'"`UNIQ--ref-0000079F-QINU`"'
Topical/intranasal: high local, low systemic; intra-articular: local depot then systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000667-QINU`"'
Topical/oral local action with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001399-QINU`"'
Topical: local effect on enamel; systemic supplementation has high oral bioavailability with skeletal accumulation
Topical: minimal systemic absorption (oral systemic 5-FU not used due to poor and variable absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011BF-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic absorption with normal skin; oral: variable, induced metabolism with repeated dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BA4-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; oral: pH-dependent, requires gastric acid'"`UNIQ--ref-00000889-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; troche: ~3% systemic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F46-QINU`"'
Topical; clinically meaningful systemic absorption can produce systemic α2 effects (somnolence, hypotension), especially in children'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D2-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000418-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A03-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DA2-QINU`"'
Tramadol ~75% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001531-QINU`"'
Variable (oral; rapidly conjugated to active glucuronide; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000451-QINU`"'
Variable; reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~0.3% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the intestinal and blood-brain barriers limit systemic and CNS exposure at therapeutic doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD3-QINU`"'
~10% inhaled reaches systemic circulation; ~50% PO'"`UNIQ--ref-0000009A-QINU`"'
~100% (oral); highly (~90%) protein-bound, with non-linear binding above therapeutic levels (free fraction matters clinically in hypoalbuminemia)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097D-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~100% (oral, but oral use is limited to continuation from parenteral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; absorption complete)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000126F-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; food delays absorption, hence pre-meal dosing for IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002DA-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; near-complete absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000493-QINU`"'
~100% both components
~100% from subcutaneous depot (by definition of the route)
~12% (extensive metabolizers); ~96% (poor metabolizers)
~14% (extensive hepatic first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~14% (oral; substantial first-pass); ~97% (subcutaneous); ~17% (nasal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~15% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~17% (oral; food slightly reduces absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D6-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; hydrophilic, minimal CYP metabolism, mostly excreted unchanged in bile)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000FD-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; valacyclovir prodrug raises this to ~55%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000910-QINU`"'
~20-35% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 with R/S enantiomer differences)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6C-QINU`"'
~22–25%
~25% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~25% (high first-pass)
~25% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
~25% (oral, with extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food reduces absorption ~40%)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CE-QINU`"'
~25-35% (extensive first-pass), increased by food which slows absorption and reduces orthostatic risk'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~25-40% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~25-50% (oral; substantial first-pass via NAT2 acetylation, phenotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000688-QINU`"'
~26% (oral; prodrug hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases to active olmesartan; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056D-QINU`"'
~28% (oral; food slows but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C33-QINU`"'
~30% (high first-pass)
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117D-QINU`"'
~30% (sublingual; the primary therapeutic route); ~10-20% (oral swallowed, low due to first-pass); ~50% (buccal Belbuca); transdermal Butrans bypasses first-pass.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"'
~30-65% (oral; acid-labile, hence enteric-coated formulations; food affects absorption variably)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3F-QINU`"'
~33%
~33% (extensive first-pass via CYP2C9 and CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BD-QINU`"'
~33% (oral; fruit juices including grapefruit, orange, and apple reduce absorption substantially via OATP1A2 inhibition — distinctive interaction not seen with most other H1s)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCD-QINU`"'
~33-55% (IR); reduced by food'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~35% (oral, extensive first-pass; not used orally for systemic effect); ~100% (IV)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~36% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C93-QINU`"'
~37% (oral, as axetil prodrug; food modestly improves absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FFA-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A23-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food reduces absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003FD-QINU`"'
~38% (oral; non-acidic prodrug improves GI tolerability over many other NSAIDs)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011FA-QINU`"'
~4% (extensive first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40%
~40% (oral); food and formulation substantially alter the absorption profile'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000643-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; food does not significantly affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EB3-QINU`"'
~40-60% (oral, with significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~44%
~45% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C73-QINU`"'
~45% (oral; substantially higher than sumatriptan's ~14%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000013-QINU`"'
~45%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~48% intranasal
~5% intranasal
~5-20% (extensive first-pass), highly variable between individuals'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~5-40% (oral, highly variable due to extensive first-pass metabolism; mean ~5-10% for parent naltrexone with the majority of pharmacologic effect coming from 6-beta-naltrexol). IM Vivitrol bypasses first-pass entirely.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"'
~50%
~50% (highly variable)
~50% (oral); systemic absorption from ophthalmic application is clinically meaningful via nasolacrimal drainage'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002C5-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB4-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable, 10-100%, hence the standard 1:2 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000223-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FC-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; reduced by buffering and enteric coating but onset clinically similar)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; substantial first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect).
~50% IR (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ER products release-rate-limited'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074E-QINU`"'
~50-60% (oral; food enhances)
~50-60% (oral; substantial first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~53% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~55% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~55% bioavailability of acyclovir after valacyclovir oral (vs ~20% from oral acyclovir directly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000005D7-QINU`"'
~58% (extended-release); ~80% (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~6% IR oral (substantial first-pass to active N-desethyl metabolite, which contributes most of the antimuscarinic adverse effects); transdermal bypasses first-pass and is better tolerated'"`UNIQ--ref-000006E2-QINU`"'
~6-13% inhaled lung deposition; ~10% oral (Entocort EC; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 — this is the basis of the favorable hepatic-targeted local-effect profile in IBD)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A6-QINU`"'
~60%
~60% (oral); ~100% (IM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000379-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D5A-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B85-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; phenoxymethyl modification makes it acid-stable, unlike penicillin G which is destroyed by gastric acid)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E77-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; substantially increased with high-fat meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001093-QINU`"'
~60% from subcutaneous depot (reduced by reversible albumin binding via the myristic acid side chain that also extends duration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001375-QINU`"'
~60-87% (oral; high and more consistent than codeine or hydrocodone, making efficacy less CYP2D6-genotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~60-87% oxycodone (high and predictable, less CYP-genotype-dependent than codeine or hydrocodone); 85-98% acetaminophen'"`UNIQ--ref-000014E3-QINU`"'
~60–70% (oral)
~62%
~63% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000532-QINU`"'
~63% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~64% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~64% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000015F-QINU`"'
~64% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001104-QINU`"'
~64-90% (oral; increases at higher doses and with multi-day dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E9-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000784-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB1-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013F6-QINU`"'
~67% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B26-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008C5-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; bioavailability and absorption are improved with food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000355-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"'
~70-85% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~70-85% (oral, high relative to other opioids)
~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg)
~72% (with food); much lower fasting (~36%)
~72% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001480-QINU`"'
~72% oral; ~85% smoked'"`UNIQ--ref-00000066-QINU`"'
~75%
~75% (IR, rises with multi-dose administration due to saturable first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~75% (oral, as the active carboxylate after hepatic esterase activation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E95-QINU`"'
~75% (oral; absorption improved with fat-containing meal)
~75% (oral; fat-soluble, absorption requires intact biliary/lipid digestion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000331-QINU`"'
~75-85% (oral); ~60% (transdermal at steady state)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~75–90% (oral)
~77% (oral; not affected by food or antacids)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011E-QINU`"'
~78% (oral; high-fat meal modestly reduces but is not clinically significant)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000553-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000310-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEC-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E2C-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; predictable absorption — a substantive practical advantage over furosemide whose oral absorption is 10-100% variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B47-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; reduced by significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EFA-QINU`"'
~80-100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~80-100% with food at 15-20 mg doses (10 mg dose: ~80% without food); '''must be taken with food''' at therapeutic doses'"`UNIQ--ref-00000514-QINU`"'
~80-95% (oral; more reliable than furosemide, comparable to torsemide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE4-QINU`"'
~80-99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000868-QINU`"'
~82%
~82% SC
~85-90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000955-QINU`"'
~85-98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000766-QINU`"'
~89% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~90% (low first-pass)
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DFF-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001140-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001443-QINU`"'
~90% (oral, low first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; food increases absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A4-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; not affected by food but reduced by divalent cations)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D83-QINU`"'
~93% (oral); ~90% (rectal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~93% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral; reduced by dairy, antacids, iron via divalent-cation chelation, though less than for tetracycline itself)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047E-QINU`"'
~96% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD2-QINU`"'
~96% after red blood cell hydrolytic cleavage releases dextroamphetamine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~99% (caffeine)
~99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~99% (oral; matched 1:1 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF6-QINU`"'
≥90% (linear pharmacokinetics, distinguishing it favorably from gabapentin's saturable LAT-1 absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
Search
pregnancy:
None
(1)
·
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; aspart is widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
·
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; degludec has reassuring observational data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
·
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; lispro is widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
·
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience; some signal for first-trimester exposure but not conclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
·
Observational signal for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (small absolute risk) and neonatal adaptation syndrome with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
·
Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Limited reproductive data with small observational signal for cardiac malformations; risk-benefit decision, with many patients deferring ADHD treatment during pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full discussion. (1)
legal:
Schedule II (1)
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (2)
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (some OTC formulations exist) (1)
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (2)
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, which is a meaningful clinical advantage over the benzodiazepine alternatives for short-term anxiety'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1)
Error in "where" parameter: the string "--" cannot be used within #cargo_query.
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Drilldown: Medicines
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:
~100% from subcutaneous depot 
generic:
bioavailability: (Click arrow to add another value)