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Choose a table:
Medicines (732)
Medicines
> halflife:
~7.1 hours
&
bioavailability
:
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
or
~95%
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
None
(1)
brand:
Sunosi (1)
classes:
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) (1)
·
wake-promoting agent (1)
mechanism:
Selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (DAT and NET inhibition). Unlike amphetamine, does not significantly release monoamines, pure reuptake inhibition. (1)
uses:
Excessive daytime sleepiness in adults with narcolepsy or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) (1)
starting dose:
Narcolepsy: 75 mg PO once daily upon awakening, titrate every 3 days. OSA: 37.5 mg PO once daily, titrate. (1)
preparations:
75 mg, 150 mg tablets (1)
fda max:
150 mg/d (1)
routes:
Oral (1)
onset:
~30-60 min (1)
duration:
~9 hours (1)
halflife:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
~12 hours
·
~27 days
·
~5 h (caffeine)
·
'''Autoinduction''': 25-65 hours initially, falling to 12-17 hours after 2-3 weeks of dosing as carbamazepine induces its own CYP3A4 metabolism. Major clinical implication: doses require re-titration after the autoinduction period'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
·
0.5-1.5 hours (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect persists 24+ hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DE-QINU`"'
·
1-1.3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001A1-QINU`"'
·
1-1.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE3-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours (parent compound)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours (parent); 18-30 hours for active metabolite oxypurinol'"`UNIQ--ref-0000030F-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
·
1-3 hours (normal liver); markedly prolonged in overdose with glutathione depletion'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A5-QINU`"'
·
1-3 minutes (very short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C0F-QINU`"'
·
1.4 hours (parent); 13-24 hours for active metabolite canrenone'"`UNIQ--ref-00000354-QINU`"'
·
1.5-2 hours (longer in renal failure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000222-QINU`"'
·
1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
·
10-11 hours (benazeprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A22-QINU`"'
·
11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release)
·
11-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000842-QINU`"'
·
12-15 hours (intermediate); '''no active metabolites''' (key clinical feature)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
Other values:
12-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
12-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
12-17 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
14 hours (parent); 20-30 hours including active ortho- and para-hydroxylated metabolites'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
14-25 hours (longer in elderly and hepatic impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
14–26 h (oral); ~3 weeks (decanoate)
15-20 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
16-22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047D-QINU`"'
18 hours (IR); 32-33 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
18-44 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
1–4 days (7–15 days for norfluoxetine)
2 hours (parent); 6-9 hours for active carboxylic acid metabolite EXP3174'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BC-QINU`"'
2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
2-3 hours (normal renal function); markedly prolonged in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-000010B3-QINU`"'
2-3 hours (parent and active N-desethyl metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006E1-QINU`"'
2-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000012-QINU`"'
2-4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
2-5 hours (IR); ER formulations extend functional duration via osmotic/matrix release'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074D-QINU`"'
2-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000002D9-QINU`"'
2.2 h (IR parent); ~3 h (XR parent)
2.5 hours (short, requires TID-QID dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
2.5-3.5 hours; longer in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025B-QINU`"'
2.5–3 hours
2.7-5.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000015E-QINU`"'
20-40 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
21-54 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
24–42 h (buprenorphine); 1–2 h (naloxone)
27-32 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
2–3 h
2–3 h (parent compound)
3-10 hours (low dose); 8-15 hours (high dose); much longer in third-space accumulation (pleural effusion, ascites)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007C8-QINU`"'
3-4 hours (similar between PO and IV due to high oral bioavailability)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B46-QINU`"'
3-4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
3-4.5 hours (IR); 5-7 hours (ER; effective duration 24 hours via formulation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000642-QINU`"'
3-5 hours (IR); 4.5 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
3-6 hours (longer in hepatic impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000378-QINU`"'
3-7 hours (IR); functional 24 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6B-QINU`"'
3-7 hours (slow acetylators) vs 1-3 hours (rapid acetylators) via NAT2 polymorphism'"`UNIQ--ref-00000687-QINU`"'
30-40 hours (long; accumulates with chronic dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
30-50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000078-QINU`"'
30-50 minutes (short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
30–60 min
36-42 hours (R/S enantiomers differ; S-warfarin is 2-5× more potent and cleared by CYP2C9)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000705-QINU`"'
3–5 hours
3–6 h
3–7 h
4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000938-QINU`"'
4-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
4-6 hours (inhaled and PO)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000099-QINU`"'
4-8 hours (longer in elderly, 9-13 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
40-60 hours (notable for the thiazide class)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000783-QINU`"'
4–5 h
5-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
5-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EF9-QINU`"'
5-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
5-9 hours (elderly: 11-13 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000513-QINU`"'
6-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013E-QINU`"'
6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEB-QINU`"'
6-9 hours (substantially longer in renal impairment due to renal elimination)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
6.2 hours (plasma); ~17 hours in erythrocytes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
6.3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
60-100 hours (long)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
7-10 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
8-10 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000396-QINU`"'
8-12 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
8-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
9-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001BC-QINU`"'
9-16 hours (pH-dependent: acidic urine shortens, alkaline urine substantially extends)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
9-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097C-QINU`"'
9–12 h
9–12 minutes (intravenous)
Amitriptyline 10-50 hours (highly variable); nortriptyline active metabolite 18-44 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
Aqueous crystalline ~30 minutes; benzathine effective ~3 weeks via depot release'"`UNIQ--ref-00001419-QINU`"'
Aspirin 15-30 minutes; salicylate metabolite 2-3 hours (concentration-dependent, saturable at high doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
Biphasic: ~3-6 hours alpha, ~5-9 hours beta'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Bupropion ~21 hours; hydroxybupropion (active metabolite) ~20-37 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
Buspirone 2-3 hours; 1-PP active metabolite 4-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Butalbital ~35 hours (long; cumulative effects with frequent use); acetaminophen 1-3 hours; caffeine 3-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000159F-QINU`"'
Butalbital ~35 hours; aspirin (acetyl group) ~15 minutes, salicylate 2-3 hours; caffeine 3-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B7-QINU`"'
Cariprazine ~2-4 d; major active metabolites desmethyl-cariprazine (DCAR) ~1-3 weeks → 'oral depot' effect with delayed steady-state and reduced effect of missed doses
Codeine 2.5-3.5 hours; acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001517-QINU`"'
D-amphetamine ~10 h; L-amphetamine ~13 h (adults)
Dextromethorphan substantially prolonged by quinidine's CYP2D6 inhibition (typical extensive metabolizers see ~10× higher AUC); quinidine ~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001583-QINU`"'
Dextromethorphan ~22 h (when CYP2D6 inhibited); bupropion ~21 h
Diazepam 20-50 hours; '''N-desmethyldiazepam (nordazepam) 30-200 hours''' is the major active metabolite and accumulates substantially with chronic dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect.
Highly variable by formulation; native T is hours
Highly variable, 7-46 hours (mean ~21 h); lipophilic deposition in fat with delayed re-release contributes to wide range'"`UNIQ--ref-00000065-QINU`"'
Mononitrate ~5 hours; dinitrate ~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-00001461-QINU`"'
Morphine 2-4 hours; morphine-6-glucuronide active metabolite 2-4 hours (longer with renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
N/A (incorporated into hemoglobin and tissue stores)
Naltrexone ~4 hours (6β-naltrexol metabolite ~13 hours); bupropion ~21 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001568-QINU`"'
Not absorbed
Not applicable (electrolyte and buffer)
Not applicable (electrolyte solution)
Not applicable (electrolyte)
Not formally established
Not meaningfully described
Not meaningfully described (electrolyte)
Not meaningfully described (electrolyte; renally cleared)
Not meaningfully described (minimal systemic absorption from topical use)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F45-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption from intact skin or oral mucosa)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001398-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption — the drug acts locally and is degraded in the GI tract)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119C-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption)
Not meaningfully described (not systemically absorbed)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D17-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (topical local action)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001239-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for an electrolyte; distribution between intra- and extracellular compartments is the relevant kinetic
Not meaningfully described for ophthalmic use'"`UNIQ--ref-00001287-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for topical use (systemic exposure varies with surface area, occlusion, skin integrity)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000079E-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for topical use'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A02-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described — lactulose is not significantly absorbed
Not meaningfully described — sucralfate is essentially non-absorbed'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DC2-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described — topical local action with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001218-QINU`"'
Not well characterized
Not well characterized; tissue incorporation over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-00000051-QINU`"'
Not well characterized'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
Olanzapine ~30 hours; fluoxetine 1-4 days (norfluoxetine 7-15 days)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154D-QINU`"'
Oxcarbazepine 2 hours; '''10-monohydroxy active metabolite (MHD) ~9 hours''' (the agent that produces essentially all of the clinical effect)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 3-5 hours; acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014E2-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 3-5 hours; aspirin (acetyl group) 15-20 minutes, salicylate 2-3 hours at therapeutic doses'"`UNIQ--ref-000014FA-QINU`"'
Parent lisdexamfetamine <1 hour; dextroamphetamine 10-12 hours after release'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
Plasma 2-3 hours; biologic ~18-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000867-QINU`"'
Plasma 2-3 hours; biologic ~18-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000008C4-QINU`"'
Plasma 3-4 hours; biologic ~12-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A3-QINU`"'
Plasma ~1-2 hours; biologic ~8-12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD1-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3 hours; bone half-life ~10 years'"`UNIQ--ref-000006C3-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3-4.5 hours; biologic ~36-72 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E2B-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3-5 hours; biologic effect substantially longer (~12-36 hours for intermediate-acting glucocorticoids)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000666-QINU`"'
Plasma ~5 hours; biologic ~36-54 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101A-QINU`"'
Primidone 5-15 hours; '''phenobarbital active metabolite 50-150 hours'''; PEMA (phenylethylmalonamide) active metabolite 16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
Psilocin: ~2-3 h; psilocybin itself is a prodrug, dephosphorylated within minutes of absorption
Risperidone 3-20 hours; '''9-hydroxy-risperidone (paliperidone) ~20-24 hours''' is the major active metabolite and is separately marketed as a parent compound (Invega)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
Sumatriptan ~2.5 hours; naproxen 12-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D1-QINU`"'
T4 ~7 days; T3 ~1 day'"`UNIQ--ref-00000036-QINU`"'
Tissue half-life not formally measured; clinical effect ~12 weeks
Topical: not meaningfully described; oral 2-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000888-QINU`"'
Tramadol 6-7 hours; M1 active metabolite 7-9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Tramadol ~5-7 hours (M1 metabolite ~9 hours); acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001530-QINU`"'
Variable; effect dependent on local intestinal action rather than systemic kinetics'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106B-QINU`"'
Venlafaxine 5 hours; desvenlafaxine active metabolite 11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~0.5 hours plasma; tissue retention longer
~0.5-2 hours (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BA3-QINU`"'
~1 day (much shorter than T4's ~7 days)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000149D-QINU`"'
~1 hour (IR niacin); ER formulations extend functional duration'"`UNIQ--ref-00001038-QINU`"'
~1 hour (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect persists 24+ hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011D-QINU`"'
~1 hour SC'"`UNIQ--ref-00000589-QINU`"'
~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F2-QINU`"'
~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-00001050-QINU`"'
~1-2 hours plasma (riboflavin itself); FAD/FMN tissue cofactors are continuous
~1.5 hours (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect 24+ hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E8-QINU`"'
~1.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FF9-QINU`"'
~1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3E-QINU`"'
~1.7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E4-QINU`"'
~1.8 hours (initial); ~10 hours (terminal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B25-QINU`"'
~10 h (CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers); up to 31 h (poor metabolizers)
~10-20 days (steady-state body pool); single dose plasma ~2 hours
~10-20 minutes systemically (rapid hepatic and erythrocyte dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase clearance)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011BE-QINU`"'
~11 h
~11 hours (enalaprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B84-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
~11-17 days'"`UNIQ--ref-0000147F-QINU`"'
~12 hours (effective); terminal half-life is biphasic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"'
~12 hours (effective); terminal much longer'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117C-QINU`"'
~12 hours apparent (functional duration ~24 hours due to depot release kinetics)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000023B-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FB-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D82-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000111F-QINU`"'
~12.1 days
~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027C-QINU`"'
~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000765-QINU`"'
~12.9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000552-QINU`"'
~13 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018A-QINU`"'
~13 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056C-QINU`"'
~13-17 hours (ramiprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C32-QINU`"'
~13-20 hours (oral); transdermal pharmacokinetics buffer the peaks/troughs of oral dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-000003BA-QINU`"'
~14 days'"`UNIQ--ref-00001103-QINU`"'
~14 hours (adults); longer in elderly and renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000113F-QINU`"'
~14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCC-QINU`"'
~15 hours (IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~15 hours (parent); nordoxepin active metabolite ~30 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~16-18 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001092-QINU`"'
~16-23 hours
~165 hours (~1 week), among the longest of any GLP-1 RA'"`UNIQ--ref-00000253-QINU`"'
~17 minutes (free acid, the active form, in aqueous humor)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000417-QINU`"'
~17-18 hours (Intuniv ER); ~17 hours (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~17-19 hours (longer than daridorexant)
~17.5 h
~18 hours (terminal)
~19 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000000FC-QINU`"'
~2 hours (parent and active β-hydroxy acid metabolite); pharmacodynamic effect lasts 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-0000017A-QINU`"'
~2 hours (plasma; minimal relevance — local-action drug)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7B-QINU`"'
~2 minutes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E52-QINU`"'
~2-3 hours (parent); pharmacodynamic effect 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D5-QINU`"'
~2-3.6 hours (plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A5-QINU`"'
~2-4 hours (parent and active β-hydroxy acid metabolite); pharmacodynamic effect 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-00000807-QINU`"'
~2.4 hours (Byetta, short, hence the BID schedule)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000ED-QINU`"' · Effective release half-life ~2 weeks (Bydureon)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000EE-QINU`"'
~2.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~2.5-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001442-QINU`"'
~20 hours
~20 hours (fenofibric acid, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004AD-QINU`"'
~20-60 minutes (plasma; not the relevant kinetic since urinary concentration matters)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A3-QINU`"'
~21 hours (with nonlinear pharmacokinetics from CYP2D6 autoinhibition)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"'
~21 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
~22 hours (parent + active glucuronide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000450-QINU`"'
~22 hours; longer 54 hours (desmethylazelastine, active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013B6-QINU`"'
~22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB0-QINU`"'
~24 hours (6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011F9-QINU`"'
~24 hours (longest of the ARB class; suits patients with morning BP surge)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEE-QINU`"'
~24 hours (parent); ~15 days (25(OH)D); 25(OH)D stores persist for months'"`UNIQ--ref-00000330-QINU`"'
~24 hours (parent); ~15 days (25(OH)D); tissue stores months
~25 days
~25 hours
~25 hours apparent (functional duration well over 42 hours from multi-hexamer depot)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000135A-QINU`"'
~25 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000129F-QINU`"'
~25-33 hours alone; ~15 hours with enzyme inducers; '''≥60 hours with valproate''' (UGT inhibition)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
~25-44 hours plasma; receptor kinetics drive the once-daily duration'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C0-QINU`"'
~26 h (sertraline; range 13-45 h, longer in females); ~62-104 h (N-desmethylsertraline, weakly active)
~27-31 hours; markedly prolonged in renal/hepatic impairment and with CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibitors'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C72-QINU`"'
~28 days
~3 hours (acyclovir, the active metabolite); longer in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-000005D6-QINU`"'
~3 hours (systemic, when measurable; topical action dominates)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011D9-QINU`"'
~3 hours; significantly prolonged in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000090F-QINU`"'
~3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D1-QINU`"'
~3-4 days plasma; adipose tissue stores last months
~3-7 hours (parent); 16-24 hours including active metabolites'"`UNIQ--ref-00000824-QINU`"'
~30 hours (long, supports once-daily dosing and substantial drug-interaction window after discontinuation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A47-QINU`"'
~30-60 minutes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E76-QINU`"'
~31 days
~35 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~36 hours (terminal much longer due to tissue accumulation in skin/nails)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EB2-QINU`"'
~4 h
~4 hours (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~4 months in erythrocytes (carbonic anhydrase binding in red cells; not relevant to topical IOP duration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B0A-QINU`"'
~4-6 hours (plasma); intrathyroidal accumulation gives a much longer functional duration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED3-QINU`"'
~40 days (terminal; reflects extensive tissue distribution)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007EC-QINU`"'
~45 minutes (free acid in aqueous humor)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DA1-QINU`"'
~45-68 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DFE-QINU`"'
~5 days (~120 h)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"'
~5 days (~120 h)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000303-QINU`"'
~5 h
~5 hours (plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F9C-QINU`"'
~5 hours in extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers; ~21 hours in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers'"`UNIQ--ref-00000014-QINU`"'
~5 weeks (much longer than finasteride's ~6 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D59-QINU`"'
~5-10 hours (5-ASA)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBE-QINU`"'
~5-20 hours (oral micronized; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000726-QINU`"'
~5-6 hours in young men, ~8 hours in elderly'"`UNIQ--ref-00000531-QINU`"'
~5-7 days
~5-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001164-QINU`"'
~5-9 hours (parent and active metabolites combined)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000492-QINU`"'
~50 days (Depo-Provera; long depot release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F20-QINU`"'
~50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B64-QINU`"'
~50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C4E-QINU`"'
~57 hours (parent), ~200 h (active metabolite)
~58 days (parent); ~61 days (desethylamiodarone, active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB3-QINU`"'
~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years
~6 h (parent compound, immediate-release); ~9-12 h (active metabolite N-desalkylquetiapine, also called norquetiapine)
~6 hours (parent); active metabolite very short-lived but produces irreversible platelet effect'"`UNIQ--ref-000002C4-QINU`"'
~6 hours plasma; long bone retention
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CD-QINU`"'
~6-10 hours (oseltamivir carboxylate, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E94-QINU`"'
~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF5-QINU`"'
~6.6 h
~60–80 h (memantine); ~70 h (donepezil)
~66 hours
~68 hours (terminal; reflects deep tissue accumulation, much longer than plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003FC-QINU`"'
~7 days (euthyroid); longer in hypothyroidism (~9-10 days), shorter in hyperthyroidism'"`UNIQ--ref-00000036-QINU`"'
~7 hours
~7 hours (parent); ~9 hours (active AR-C124910XX metabolite, accounts for ~30-40% of activity)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C92-QINU`"'
~7 hours apparent'"`UNIQ--ref-00001374-QINU`"'
~7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000126E-QINU`"'
~7-10 hours (variable; longer in renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB4-QINU`"'
~7-12 hours
~7.1 hours
~7.8 hours (fluticasone propionate, inhaled systemic exposure)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001DD-QINU`"'
~70 hours (long, supports once-daily dosing without peak-trough variation)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~75 hours (long, accumulates over weeks)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~8 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000954-QINU`"'
~8 hours (parent); ~28 hours (desloratadine, the active metabolite, marketed separately as Clarinex)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000621-QINU`"'
~8 hours (shorter than suvorexant and lemborexant)
~8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000013F5-QINU`"'
~8-27 hours (highly variable across the population)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A91-QINU`"'
~80 minutes SC'"`UNIQ--ref-000005F2-QINU`"'
~89 hours (EPA, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013D1-QINU`"'
~9 hours (terminal)
~9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C3-QINU`"'
~9-14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD2-QINU`"'
~91 hours
Search
bioavailability:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
100% (IV)
·
~100% from subcutaneous depot
·
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
·
70–90% (oral)
·
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
·
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
· ~95% ·
'''Saturable''' via the LAT-1 amino-acid transporter, producing nonlinear pharmacokinetics: ~60% at 300 mg single dose, falling to ~35% at 1200 mg single dose'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
·
10-20% (oral; reduced by food, calcium, antacids, PPIs, tea/coffee; enhanced by ascorbate)
·
100% (IV); essentially complete (oral)
·
100% (IV); rapidly neutralized by gastric acid (oral)
·
16-21% capsule, 25% suspension (oral; iron and antacids reduce absorption substantially)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E5-QINU`"'
·
25 mg: ~29%; 50 mg: ~35%; food reduces absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C4F-QINU`"'
·
30-40% (oral; increases with repeated dosing as gastric pH rises)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DF-QINU`"'
·
40-45% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025C-QINU`"'
·
40-80% (oral); reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs, fiber; take fasting with water'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
·
42-58% (oral; dose-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEF-QINU`"'
·
50-60% (oral; decreased with food, but food given anyway for GI tolerance)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
·
60-70% PO at low doses; saturable at high doses (parenteral routes preferred above 15-25 mg/week)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007C9-QINU`"'
Other values:
60-80% (oral)
60-80% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000843-QINU`"'
64-90% (oral; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000079-QINU`"'
65-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013F-QINU`"'
70-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007ED-QINU`"'
70-80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A4-QINU`"'
75-90% (oral; minimally affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001A2-QINU`"'
80-90% oral
90% (oral; food delays but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F3-QINU`"'
<0.1% systemic absorption (PEG 3350 is too large to absorb intact)
<1% (oral; further reduced by food, calcium, iron, antacids; hence the strict fasting/upright dosing rules)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006C4-QINU`"'
<1% oral (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ~30% inhaled lung deposition'"`UNIQ--ref-000001DE-QINU`"'
<3% systemic absorption (the basis of the safety and mechanism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F5E-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; food enhances absorption of IR, hence the evening-meal dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000808-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; statin pharmacology is hepatocellular, not systemic)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000017B-QINU`"'
<5% systemic absorption (this is the safety basis)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DC3-QINU`"'
>90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; food slows absorption and reduces peaks, hence the post-meal dosing rule)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001BD-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not affected by food or gastric pH — a major practical advantage over itraconazole)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A48-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001120-QINU`"'
Absolute bioavailability not precisely characterized; food modestly increases exposure
Acid-labile; not effective orally (oral form available outside US as penicillin G salts but penicillin V is preferred for oral use)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000141A-QINU`"'
Adequate (food-dependent, must take with fatty meal)
Adequate oral bioavailability
Adequate oral bioavailability with extended-release formulation
Buprenorphine ~30% SL; naloxone <10% SL (intentional, inactive sublingually, matters only if injected)
Butalbital well-absorbed; aspirin 50-75%; caffeine ~100%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B8-QINU`"'
Butalbital well-absorbed; caffeine ~100%; acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015A0-QINU`"'
Carbonate ~30-40% (best with food and acid); citrate ~24% (absorbable without acid; preferred in achlorhydria, PPI use, post-bariatric)
Codeine ~60% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001518-QINU`"'
Essentially zero systemic absorption from oral or topical routes — the topical-action-only profile is the basis of its safety'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D18-QINU`"'
High (oral)
High (oral); not significantly affected by food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000397-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB5-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001051-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001165-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000012A0-QINU`"'
High (oral; absorption not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000825-QINU`"'
High (oral; food enhances)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001039-QINU`"'
High (oral; food prolongs absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000622-QINU`"'
High (oral; not affected by food, but typically given with the morning meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027D-QINU`"'
High (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B65-QINU`"'
High with fat-containing meal; reduced in malabsorption
Highly formulation-dependent; the goal is colonic delivery with minimal systemic exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBF-QINU`"'
Highly route-dependent: SL bypasses first-pass; oral has extensive first-pass (used only for chronic ER preparations); transdermal predictable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C10-QINU`"'
Highly salt-dependent: citrate ~25-30%; oxide ~4% (limited and causes osmotic diarrhea); chloride ~12%
Highly variable due to saturable first-pass metabolism'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002C-QINU`"'
IM/SC ~100%; oral negligible (extensive first-pass and gut metabolism — hence the no-oral route)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E53-QINU`"'
IV/IM ~100%; inhaled: minimal systemic; oral: negligible (not used orally for systemic infection)'"`UNIQ--ref-000010B4-QINU`"'
Improved with food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"'
Increased substantially via CYP2D6 inhibition'"`UNIQ--ref-00001584-QINU`"'
Increased with food (varies by formulation; the micronized and nanocrystal forms are less food-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004AE-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition with minimal systemic absorption (the basis of the favorable safety profile vs systemic antimuscarinics)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7C-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition ~20%; systemic absorption from lung ~33%; oral component negligible'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C1-QINU`"'
Intranasal ~40% systemic; ophthalmic minimal'"`UNIQ--ref-000013B7-QINU`"'
Intranasal: <1% systemic; inhaled lung deposition with extensive first-pass clearance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F9D-QINU`"'
Limited but adequate; take with food
Local (intramuscular)
Local action; minimal systemic effect
Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"'
Mononitrate ~100% (no first-pass; the principal advantage over dinitrate); dinitrate ~20%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001462-QINU`"'
Naltrexone ~5% (oral, extensive first-pass to 6β-naltrexol); bupropion ER ~87%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001569-QINU`"'
Negligible (not absorbed)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000058-QINU`"'
Negligible systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119D-QINU`"'
Not characterized; oral dosing once daily
Not formally characterized for the combination
Not formally characterized in humans.
Not formally established
Not formally established (high SC)
Not formally established; oral once-daily adequate
Not well characterized
Not well characterized'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
Olanzapine 60% (oral); fluoxetine high (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154E-QINU`"'
Oral bioavailability of psilocin from administered psilocybin approximately 50%
Oral bioavailability suitable for daily dosing
Oral non-undecanoate has essentially zero bioavailability (hepatic first-pass)
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100%
Oral ~5% (extensive first-pass to estrone and conjugates); transdermal bypasses first-pass, giving more physiologic estradiol:estrone ratio'"`UNIQ--ref-000003BB-QINU`"'
Oral ~70%; depot IM provides sustained release over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101B-QINU`"'
Oral ~90%; depot IM essentially 100% over the dosing interval'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F21-QINU`"'
Oral: very low (extensive first-pass); micronization improves uptake somewhat. Vaginal: high local effect with lower systemic levels (first-uterine-pass concentration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000727-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 60-87%; aspirin 50-75%'"`UNIQ--ref-000014FB-QINU`"'
Rapid absorption; absolute bioavailability not formally established
Reasonable (not formally established as a percentage)
SC ~47%–65%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
SC ~55%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018B-QINU`"'
SC ~65%–75%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~80%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~89%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> · Oral ~0.4–1% (SNAC-enhanced)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000254-QINU`"'
Sandimmune: highly variable (~30%); Neoral microemulsion: ~50%, less variable; '''Sandimmune and Neoral are NOT bioequivalent and not interchangeable''''"`UNIQ--ref-00000A92-QINU`"'
Substantially improved with high-fat meal; take with food'"`UNIQ--ref-000013D2-QINU`"'
Sumatriptan ~15% (oral; substantial first-pass); naproxen ~95%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D2-QINU`"'
Tablet ~100% relative to oral solution; extensive first-pass metabolism
Topical with limited but measurable systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001219-QINU`"'
Topical with measurable systemic absorption (small CA inhibition observed clinically with chronic use)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B0B-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-000011DA-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000123A-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001288-QINU`"'
Topical with variable systemic absorption depending on body site, occlusion, and skin integrity; HPA-axis suppression is documented even with brief courses to large areas'"`UNIQ--ref-0000079F-QINU`"'
Topical/intranasal: high local, low systemic; intra-articular: local depot then systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000667-QINU`"'
Topical/oral local action with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001399-QINU`"'
Topical: local effect on enamel; systemic supplementation has high oral bioavailability with skeletal accumulation
Topical: minimal systemic absorption (oral systemic 5-FU not used due to poor and variable absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011BF-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic absorption with normal skin; oral: variable, induced metabolism with repeated dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BA4-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; oral: pH-dependent, requires gastric acid'"`UNIQ--ref-00000889-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; troche: ~3% systemic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F46-QINU`"'
Topical; clinically meaningful systemic absorption can produce systemic α2 effects (somnolence, hypotension), especially in children'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D2-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000418-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A03-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DA2-QINU`"'
Tramadol ~75% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001531-QINU`"'
Variable (oral; rapidly conjugated to active glucuronide; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000451-QINU`"'
Variable; reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
~0.3% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the intestinal and blood-brain barriers limit systemic and CNS exposure at therapeutic doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD3-QINU`"'
~10% inhaled reaches systemic circulation; ~50% PO'"`UNIQ--ref-0000009A-QINU`"'
~100% (oral); highly (~90%) protein-bound, with non-linear binding above therapeutic levels (free fraction matters clinically in hypoalbuminemia)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097D-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000706-QINU`"'
~100% (oral, but oral use is limited to continuation from parenteral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; absorption complete)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000126F-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; food delays absorption, hence pre-meal dosing for IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002DA-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; near-complete absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000493-QINU`"'
~100% both components
~100% from subcutaneous depot (by definition of the route)
~12% (extensive metabolizers); ~96% (poor metabolizers)
~14% (extensive hepatic first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~14% (oral; substantial first-pass); ~97% (subcutaneous); ~17% (nasal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~15% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~17% (oral; food slightly reduces absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D6-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; hydrophilic, minimal CYP metabolism, mostly excreted unchanged in bile)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000FD-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; valacyclovir prodrug raises this to ~55%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000910-QINU`"'
~20-35% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 with R/S enantiomer differences)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6C-QINU`"'
~22–25%
~25% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~25% (high first-pass)
~25% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
~25% (oral, with extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food reduces absorption ~40%)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CE-QINU`"'
~25-35% (extensive first-pass), increased by food which slows absorption and reduces orthostatic risk'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~25-40% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~25-50% (oral; substantial first-pass via NAT2 acetylation, phenotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000688-QINU`"'
~26% (oral; prodrug hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases to active olmesartan; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056D-QINU`"'
~28% (oral; food slows but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C33-QINU`"'
~30% (high first-pass)
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117D-QINU`"'
~30-65% (oral; acid-labile, hence enteric-coated formulations; food affects absorption variably)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3F-QINU`"'
~33%
~33% (extensive first-pass via CYP2C9 and CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BD-QINU`"'
~33% (oral; fruit juices including grapefruit, orange, and apple reduce absorption substantially via OATP1A2 inhibition — distinctive interaction not seen with most other H1s)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCD-QINU`"'
~33-55% (IR); reduced by food'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~35% (oral, extensive first-pass; not used orally for systemic effect); ~100% (IV)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~36% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C93-QINU`"'
~37% (oral, as axetil prodrug; food modestly improves absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FFA-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A23-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food reduces absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003FD-QINU`"'
~38% (oral; non-acidic prodrug improves GI tolerability over many other NSAIDs)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011FA-QINU`"'
~4% (extensive first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40%
~40% (oral); food and formulation substantially alter the absorption profile'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000643-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; food does not significantly affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EB3-QINU`"'
~40-60% (oral, with significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~44%
~45% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C73-QINU`"'
~45% (oral; substantially higher than sumatriptan's ~14%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000013-QINU`"'
~45%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~48% intranasal
~5% intranasal
~5-20% (extensive first-pass), highly variable between individuals'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~50%
~50% (highly variable)
~50% (oral); systemic absorption from ophthalmic application is clinically meaningful via nasolacrimal drainage'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002C5-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB4-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable, 10-100%, hence the standard 1:2 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000223-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FC-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; reduced by buffering and enteric coating but onset clinically similar)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; substantial first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect).
~50% IR (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ER products release-rate-limited'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074E-QINU`"'
~50-60% (oral; food enhances)
~50-60% (oral; substantial first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~53% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~55% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~55% bioavailability of acyclovir after valacyclovir oral (vs ~20% from oral acyclovir directly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000005D7-QINU`"'
~58% (extended-release); ~80% (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~6% IR oral (substantial first-pass to active N-desethyl metabolite, which contributes most of the antimuscarinic adverse effects); transdermal bypasses first-pass and is better tolerated'"`UNIQ--ref-000006E2-QINU`"'
~6-13% inhaled lung deposition; ~10% oral (Entocort EC; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 — this is the basis of the favorable hepatic-targeted local-effect profile in IBD)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A6-QINU`"'
~60%
~60% (oral); ~100% (IM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000379-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D5A-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B85-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; phenoxymethyl modification makes it acid-stable, unlike penicillin G which is destroyed by gastric acid)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E77-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; substantially increased with high-fat meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001093-QINU`"'
~60% from subcutaneous depot (reduced by reversible albumin binding via the myristic acid side chain that also extends duration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001375-QINU`"'
~60-87% (oral; high and more consistent than codeine or hydrocodone, making efficacy less CYP2D6-genotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~60-87% oxycodone (high and predictable, less CYP-genotype-dependent than codeine or hydrocodone); 85-98% acetaminophen'"`UNIQ--ref-000014E3-QINU`"'
~60–70% (oral)
~62%
~63% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000532-QINU`"'
~63% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~64% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~64% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000015F-QINU`"'
~64% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001104-QINU`"'
~64-90% (oral; increases at higher doses and with multi-day dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E9-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000784-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB1-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013F6-QINU`"'
~67% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B26-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008C5-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; bioavailability and absorption are improved with food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000355-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"'
~70-85% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg)
~72% (with food); much lower fasting (~36%)
~72% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001480-QINU`"'
~72% oral; ~85% smoked'"`UNIQ--ref-00000066-QINU`"'
~75%
~75% (IR, rises with multi-dose administration due to saturable first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~75% (oral, as the active carboxylate after hepatic esterase activation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E95-QINU`"'
~75% (oral; absorption improved with fat-containing meal)
~75% (oral; fat-soluble, absorption requires intact biliary/lipid digestion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000331-QINU`"'
~75-85% (oral); ~60% (transdermal at steady state)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~75–90% (oral)
~77% (oral; not affected by food or antacids)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011E-QINU`"'
~78% (oral; high-fat meal modestly reduces but is not clinically significant)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000553-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000310-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEC-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E2C-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; predictable absorption — a substantive practical advantage over furosemide whose oral absorption is 10-100% variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B47-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; reduced by significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EFA-QINU`"'
~80-100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~80-100% with food at 15-20 mg doses (10 mg dose: ~80% without food); '''must be taken with food''' at therapeutic doses'"`UNIQ--ref-00000514-QINU`"'
~80-95% (oral; more reliable than furosemide, comparable to torsemide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE4-QINU`"'
~80-99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000868-QINU`"'
~82%
~82% SC
~85-90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000955-QINU`"'
~85-98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A6-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000766-QINU`"'
~89% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~90% (low first-pass)
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DFF-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001140-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001443-QINU`"'
~90% (oral, low first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; food increases absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A4-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; not affected by food but reduced by divalent cations)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D83-QINU`"'
~93% (oral); ~90% (rectal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~93% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000149E-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral; reduced by dairy, antacids, iron via divalent-cation chelation, though less than for tetracycline itself)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047E-QINU`"'
~96% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD2-QINU`"'
~96% after red blood cell hydrolytic cleavage releases dextroamphetamine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~99% (caffeine)
~99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~99% (oral; matched 1:1 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF6-QINU`"'
≥90% (linear pharmacokinetics, distinguishing it favorably from gabapentin's saturable LAT-1 absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
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pregnancy:
Limited data; pregnancy exposure registry available (1)
legal:
Rx, Schedule IV (US) (1)
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