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Choose a table:
Medicines (732)
Medicines
> bioavailability:
None
&
legal:
OTC in US
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
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bioavailability:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
100% (IV)
·
~100% from subcutaneous depot
·
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
·
70–90% (oral)
·
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
·
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
·
~95%
·
'''Saturable''' via the LAT-1 amino-acid transporter, producing nonlinear pharmacokinetics: ~60% at 300 mg single dose, falling to ~35% at 1200 mg single dose'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
·
10-20% (oral; reduced by food, calcium, antacids, PPIs, tea/coffee; enhanced by ascorbate)
·
100% (IV); essentially complete (oral)
·
100% (IV); rapidly neutralized by gastric acid (oral)
·
16-21% capsule, 25% suspension (oral; iron and antacids reduce absorption substantially)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E5-QINU`"'
·
25 mg: ~29%; 50 mg: ~35%; food reduces absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C4F-QINU`"'
·
30-40% (oral; increases with repeated dosing as gastric pH rises)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DF-QINU`"'
·
40-45% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025C-QINU`"'
·
40-80% (oral); reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs, fiber; take fasting with water'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
·
42-58% (oral; dose-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEF-QINU`"'
·
50-60% (oral; decreased with food, but food given anyway for GI tolerance)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
·
60-70% PO at low doses; saturable at high doses (parenteral routes preferred above 15-25 mg/week)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007C9-QINU`"'
Other values:
60-80% (oral)
60-80% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000843-QINU`"'
64-90% (oral; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000079-QINU`"'
65-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013F-QINU`"'
70-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007ED-QINU`"'
70-80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A4-QINU`"'
75-90% (oral; minimally affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001A2-QINU`"'
80-90% oral
90% (oral; food delays but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F3-QINU`"'
<0.1% systemic absorption (PEG 3350 is too large to absorb intact)
<1% (oral; further reduced by food, calcium, iron, antacids; hence the strict fasting/upright dosing rules)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006C4-QINU`"'
<1% oral (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ~30% inhaled lung deposition'"`UNIQ--ref-000001DE-QINU`"'
<3% systemic absorption (the basis of the safety and mechanism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F5E-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; food enhances absorption of IR, hence the evening-meal dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000808-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; statin pharmacology is hepatocellular, not systemic)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000017B-QINU`"'
<5% systemic absorption (this is the safety basis)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DC3-QINU`"'
>90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; food slows absorption and reduces peaks, hence the post-meal dosing rule)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001BD-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not affected by food or gastric pH — a major practical advantage over itraconazole)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A48-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001120-QINU`"'
Absolute bioavailability not precisely characterized; food modestly increases exposure
Acid-labile; not effective orally (oral form available outside US as penicillin G salts but penicillin V is preferred for oral use)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000141A-QINU`"'
Adequate (food-dependent, must take with fatty meal)
Adequate oral bioavailability
Adequate oral bioavailability with extended-release formulation
Buprenorphine ~30% SL; naloxone <10% SL (intentional, inactive sublingually, matters only if injected)
Butalbital well-absorbed; aspirin 50-75%; caffeine ~100%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B8-QINU`"'
Butalbital well-absorbed; caffeine ~100%; acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015A0-QINU`"'
Carbonate ~30-40% (best with food and acid); citrate ~24% (absorbable without acid; preferred in achlorhydria, PPI use, post-bariatric)
Codeine ~60% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001518-QINU`"'
Essentially zero systemic absorption from oral or topical routes — the topical-action-only profile is the basis of its safety'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D18-QINU`"'
High (oral)
High (oral); not significantly affected by food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000397-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB5-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001051-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001165-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000012A0-QINU`"'
High (oral; absorption not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000825-QINU`"'
High (oral; food enhances)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001039-QINU`"'
High (oral; food prolongs absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000622-QINU`"'
High (oral; not affected by food, but typically given with the morning meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027D-QINU`"'
High (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B65-QINU`"'
High with fat-containing meal; reduced in malabsorption
Highly formulation-dependent; the goal is colonic delivery with minimal systemic exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBF-QINU`"'
Highly route-dependent: SL bypasses first-pass; oral has extensive first-pass (used only for chronic ER preparations); transdermal predictable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C10-QINU`"'
Highly salt-dependent: citrate ~25-30%; oxide ~4% (limited and causes osmotic diarrhea); chloride ~12%
Highly variable due to saturable first-pass metabolism'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002C-QINU`"'
IM/SC ~100%; oral negligible (extensive first-pass and gut metabolism — hence the no-oral route)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E53-QINU`"'
IV/IM ~100%; inhaled: minimal systemic; oral: negligible (not used orally for systemic infection)'"`UNIQ--ref-000010B4-QINU`"'
Improved with food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"'
Increased substantially via CYP2D6 inhibition'"`UNIQ--ref-00001584-QINU`"'
Increased with food (varies by formulation; the micronized and nanocrystal forms are less food-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004AE-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition with minimal systemic absorption (the basis of the favorable safety profile vs systemic antimuscarinics)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7C-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition ~20%; systemic absorption from lung ~33%; oral component negligible'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C1-QINU`"'
Intranasal ~40% systemic; ophthalmic minimal'"`UNIQ--ref-000013B7-QINU`"'
Intranasal: <1% systemic; inhaled lung deposition with extensive first-pass clearance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F9D-QINU`"'
Limited but adequate; take with food
Local (intramuscular)
Local action; minimal systemic effect
Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"'
Mononitrate ~100% (no first-pass; the principal advantage over dinitrate); dinitrate ~20%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001462-QINU`"'
Naltrexone ~5% (oral, extensive first-pass to 6β-naltrexol); bupropion ER ~87%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001569-QINU`"'
Negligible (not absorbed)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000058-QINU`"'
Negligible systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119D-QINU`"'
Not characterized; oral dosing once daily
Not formally characterized for the combination
Not formally characterized in humans.
Not formally established
Not formally established (high SC)
Not formally established; oral once-daily adequate
Not well characterized
Not well characterized'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
Olanzapine 60% (oral); fluoxetine high (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154E-QINU`"'
Oral bioavailability of psilocin from administered psilocybin approximately 50%
Oral bioavailability suitable for daily dosing
Oral non-undecanoate has essentially zero bioavailability (hepatic first-pass)
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100%
Oral ~5% (extensive first-pass to estrone and conjugates); transdermal bypasses first-pass, giving more physiologic estradiol:estrone ratio'"`UNIQ--ref-000003BB-QINU`"'
Oral ~70%; depot IM provides sustained release over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101B-QINU`"'
Oral ~90%; depot IM essentially 100% over the dosing interval'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F21-QINU`"'
Oral: very low (extensive first-pass); micronization improves uptake somewhat. Vaginal: high local effect with lower systemic levels (first-uterine-pass concentration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000727-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 60-87%; aspirin 50-75%'"`UNIQ--ref-000014FB-QINU`"'
Rapid absorption; absolute bioavailability not formally established
Reasonable (not formally established as a percentage)
SC ~47%–65%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
SC ~55%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018B-QINU`"'
SC ~65%–75%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~80%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~89%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> · Oral ~0.4–1% (SNAC-enhanced)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000254-QINU`"'
Sandimmune: highly variable (~30%); Neoral microemulsion: ~50%, less variable; '''Sandimmune and Neoral are NOT bioequivalent and not interchangeable''''"`UNIQ--ref-00000A92-QINU`"'
Substantially improved with high-fat meal; take with food'"`UNIQ--ref-000013D2-QINU`"'
Sumatriptan ~15% (oral; substantial first-pass); naproxen ~95%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D2-QINU`"'
Tablet ~100% relative to oral solution; extensive first-pass metabolism
Topical with limited but measurable systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001219-QINU`"'
Topical with measurable systemic absorption (small CA inhibition observed clinically with chronic use)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B0B-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-000011DA-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000123A-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001288-QINU`"'
Topical with variable systemic absorption depending on body site, occlusion, and skin integrity; HPA-axis suppression is documented even with brief courses to large areas'"`UNIQ--ref-0000079F-QINU`"'
Topical/intranasal: high local, low systemic; intra-articular: local depot then systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000667-QINU`"'
Topical/oral local action with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001399-QINU`"'
Topical: local effect on enamel; systemic supplementation has high oral bioavailability with skeletal accumulation
Topical: minimal systemic absorption (oral systemic 5-FU not used due to poor and variable absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011BF-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic absorption with normal skin; oral: variable, induced metabolism with repeated dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BA4-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; oral: pH-dependent, requires gastric acid'"`UNIQ--ref-00000889-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; troche: ~3% systemic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F46-QINU`"'
Topical; clinically meaningful systemic absorption can produce systemic α2 effects (somnolence, hypotension), especially in children'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D2-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000418-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A03-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DA2-QINU`"'
Tramadol ~75% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001531-QINU`"'
Variable (oral; rapidly conjugated to active glucuronide; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000451-QINU`"'
Variable; reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
~0.3% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the intestinal and blood-brain barriers limit systemic and CNS exposure at therapeutic doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD3-QINU`"'
~10% inhaled reaches systemic circulation; ~50% PO'"`UNIQ--ref-0000009A-QINU`"'
~100% (oral); highly (~90%) protein-bound, with non-linear binding above therapeutic levels (free fraction matters clinically in hypoalbuminemia)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097D-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000706-QINU`"'
~100% (oral, but oral use is limited to continuation from parenteral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; absorption complete)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000126F-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; food delays absorption, hence pre-meal dosing for IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002DA-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; near-complete absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000493-QINU`"'
~100% both components
~100% from subcutaneous depot (by definition of the route)
~12% (extensive metabolizers); ~96% (poor metabolizers)
~14% (extensive hepatic first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~14% (oral; substantial first-pass); ~97% (subcutaneous); ~17% (nasal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~15% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~17% (oral; food slightly reduces absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D6-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; hydrophilic, minimal CYP metabolism, mostly excreted unchanged in bile)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000FD-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; valacyclovir prodrug raises this to ~55%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000910-QINU`"'
~20-35% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 with R/S enantiomer differences)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6C-QINU`"'
~22–25%
~25% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~25% (high first-pass)
~25% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
~25% (oral, with extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food reduces absorption ~40%)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CE-QINU`"'
~25-35% (extensive first-pass), increased by food which slows absorption and reduces orthostatic risk'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~25-40% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~25-50% (oral; substantial first-pass via NAT2 acetylation, phenotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000688-QINU`"'
~26% (oral; prodrug hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases to active olmesartan; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056D-QINU`"'
~28% (oral; food slows but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C33-QINU`"'
~30% (high first-pass)
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117D-QINU`"'
~30-65% (oral; acid-labile, hence enteric-coated formulations; food affects absorption variably)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3F-QINU`"'
~33%
~33% (extensive first-pass via CYP2C9 and CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BD-QINU`"'
~33% (oral; fruit juices including grapefruit, orange, and apple reduce absorption substantially via OATP1A2 inhibition — distinctive interaction not seen with most other H1s)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCD-QINU`"'
~33-55% (IR); reduced by food'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~35% (oral, extensive first-pass; not used orally for systemic effect); ~100% (IV)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~36% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C93-QINU`"'
~37% (oral, as axetil prodrug; food modestly improves absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FFA-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A23-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food reduces absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003FD-QINU`"'
~38% (oral; non-acidic prodrug improves GI tolerability over many other NSAIDs)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011FA-QINU`"'
~4% (extensive first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40%
~40% (oral); food and formulation substantially alter the absorption profile'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000643-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; food does not significantly affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EB3-QINU`"'
~40-60% (oral, with significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~44%
~45% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C73-QINU`"'
~45% (oral; substantially higher than sumatriptan's ~14%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000013-QINU`"'
~45%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~48% intranasal
~5% intranasal
~5-20% (extensive first-pass), highly variable between individuals'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~50%
~50% (highly variable)
~50% (oral); systemic absorption from ophthalmic application is clinically meaningful via nasolacrimal drainage'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002C5-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB4-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable, 10-100%, hence the standard 1:2 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000223-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FC-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; reduced by buffering and enteric coating but onset clinically similar)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; substantial first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect).
~50% IR (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ER products release-rate-limited'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074E-QINU`"'
~50-60% (oral; food enhances)
~50-60% (oral; substantial first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~53% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~55% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~55% bioavailability of acyclovir after valacyclovir oral (vs ~20% from oral acyclovir directly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000005D7-QINU`"'
~58% (extended-release); ~80% (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~6% IR oral (substantial first-pass to active N-desethyl metabolite, which contributes most of the antimuscarinic adverse effects); transdermal bypasses first-pass and is better tolerated'"`UNIQ--ref-000006E2-QINU`"'
~6-13% inhaled lung deposition; ~10% oral (Entocort EC; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 — this is the basis of the favorable hepatic-targeted local-effect profile in IBD)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A6-QINU`"'
~60%
~60% (oral); ~100% (IM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000379-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D5A-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B85-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; phenoxymethyl modification makes it acid-stable, unlike penicillin G which is destroyed by gastric acid)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E77-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; substantially increased with high-fat meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001093-QINU`"'
~60% from subcutaneous depot (reduced by reversible albumin binding via the myristic acid side chain that also extends duration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001375-QINU`"'
~60-87% (oral; high and more consistent than codeine or hydrocodone, making efficacy less CYP2D6-genotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~60-87% oxycodone (high and predictable, less CYP-genotype-dependent than codeine or hydrocodone); 85-98% acetaminophen'"`UNIQ--ref-000014E3-QINU`"'
~60–70% (oral)
~62%
~63% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000532-QINU`"'
~63% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~64% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~64% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000015F-QINU`"'
~64% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001104-QINU`"'
~64-90% (oral; increases at higher doses and with multi-day dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E9-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000784-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB1-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013F6-QINU`"'
~67% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B26-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008C5-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; bioavailability and absorption are improved with food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000355-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"'
~70-85% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg)
~72% (with food); much lower fasting (~36%)
~72% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001480-QINU`"'
~72% oral; ~85% smoked'"`UNIQ--ref-00000066-QINU`"'
~75%
~75% (IR, rises with multi-dose administration due to saturable first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~75% (oral, as the active carboxylate after hepatic esterase activation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E95-QINU`"'
~75% (oral; absorption improved with fat-containing meal)
~75% (oral; fat-soluble, absorption requires intact biliary/lipid digestion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000331-QINU`"'
~75-85% (oral); ~60% (transdermal at steady state)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~75–90% (oral)
~77% (oral; not affected by food or antacids)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011E-QINU`"'
~78% (oral; high-fat meal modestly reduces but is not clinically significant)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000553-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000310-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEC-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E2C-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; predictable absorption — a substantive practical advantage over furosemide whose oral absorption is 10-100% variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B47-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; reduced by significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EFA-QINU`"'
~80-100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~80-100% with food at 15-20 mg doses (10 mg dose: ~80% without food); '''must be taken with food''' at therapeutic doses'"`UNIQ--ref-00000514-QINU`"'
~80-95% (oral; more reliable than furosemide, comparable to torsemide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE4-QINU`"'
~80-99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000868-QINU`"'
~82%
~82% SC
~85-90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000955-QINU`"'
~85-98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A6-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000766-QINU`"'
~89% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~90% (low first-pass)
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DFF-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001140-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001443-QINU`"'
~90% (oral, low first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; food increases absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A4-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; not affected by food but reduced by divalent cations)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D83-QINU`"'
~93% (oral); ~90% (rectal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~93% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000149E-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral; reduced by dairy, antacids, iron via divalent-cation chelation, though less than for tetracycline itself)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047E-QINU`"'
~96% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD2-QINU`"'
~96% after red blood cell hydrolytic cleavage releases dextroamphetamine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~99% (caffeine)
~99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~99% (oral; matched 1:1 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF6-QINU`"'
≥90% (linear pharmacokinetics, distinguishing it favorably from gabapentin's saturable LAT-1 absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
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pregnancy:
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legal:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US
· OTC in US ·
Rx
·
Rx-only in US
·
Rx, Schedule IV (US)
·
Schedule II
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
·
Rx-only
·
[[USLegal:DEA Schedule I|Schedule I]] (United States)
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
·
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the benzodiazepine class '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of fatal respiratory depression, coma, and death when combined with opioids'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
·
'''[[USLegal:Behind-the-counter|Behind-the-counter]] in US''' under the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act 2005: purchase restricted to ≤3.6 g/day and ≤9 g/30 days, with photo ID, logbook signature, and quantity logging required. Several states schedule higher than federal
·
'''[[USLegal:Schedule V|Schedule V controlled substance]] in US (federally)''', distinct from gabapentin which remains federally unscheduled'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
·
5-MeO-DMT is Schedule I in US (since 2011); the toad itself is protected in several southwestern states
·
Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits
·
Investigational
·
Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled
·
OTC (1% shampoo) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher strengths, oral) in US. Oral form carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for hepatotoxicity and is restricted by FDA to refractory fungal infections where no alternatives are available
Other values:
OTC (10-20 mg) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US
OTC (20 mg) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US
OTC (20 mg, 14-day course) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher and longer durations) in US
OTC (Astepro 0.15%) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other intranasal, ophthalmic, Dymista) in US
OTC (MiraLAX) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (electrolyte solutions for bowel prep) in US
OTC (Nasonex 24HR) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC (Pataday ophthalmic) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (Patanase intranasal) in US
OTC (intranasal Flonase) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (inhaled, topical) in US
OTC (intranasal Rhinocort Allergy) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC (low-dose topicals) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC (low-dose) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (1 mg, injectable) in US
OTC (low-dose) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (50,000 IU and concentrated solutions) in US
OTC (low-dose, dietary supplement) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (Niaspan ER) in US
OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US
OTC (lower doses) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US
OTC (lower strengths) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (combination with betamethasone) in US
OTC (lower-concentration washes) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (Peridex oral rinse, ChloraPrep) in US
OTC (lowest-strength topicals) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher strengths, injectable) in US
OTC (most dentifrice and rinse) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (high-concentration paste/gel, supplements) in US
OTC (most) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (50,000 IU) in US
OTC (ophthalmic ointment) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC (oral salts) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US
OTC (oral supplements) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US
OTC (topical) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (oral) in US
OTC (transdermal patch in women) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV, combination products) in US
Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only
Rx, '''not a controlled substance''' (no DEA scheduling)
Rx, '''not a controlled substance''' (unique among wake-promoting agents)
Rx, Schedule III (US). REMS program required.
Rx-only in US (REMS program)
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005C-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-000000F0-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018D-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-00000256-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-00000305-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx. FDA black-box warning for increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis (class warning shared with all antipsychotics)
Rx; ARIA monitoring required
Rx; REMS program required (excessive sedation/loss of consciousness during infusion)
Rx; REMS-like program for ARIA monitoring
Rx; black-box warning for distant spread of toxin effect
Schedule I (United States)
Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti
Schedule III (DEA, US)
Schedule III in US; X-waiver no longer required (as of 2023)
Schedule III; REMS-restricted (Schedule I if outside the pharmaceutical channel, same molecule as illicit GHB)
Schedule IV (US)
US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content).
Unrestricted (food)
Withdrawn from US market January 2024
[[USLegal:DEA Schedule II|Schedule II]] controlled substance in US (rescheduled from Schedule III in 1978). No accepted medical use. UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances Schedule II internationally.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] as Bonine and Dramamine Less Drowsy; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] as Antivert
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] dietary supplement in the US ('''not FDA-regulated as a medicine'''; multiple studies show OTC products contain 50-470% of labeled melatonin content); [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in the EU and UK
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] for most oral and topical formulations; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for injectable
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in US at all standard strengths
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in US at ≤220 mg/tablet and ≤660 mg/day; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] at higher strengths
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in the US at ≤200 mg per tablet / ≤1200 mg/day; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] at higher strengths and indications
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Prescription only]]; not a controlled substance
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher concentrations and IV) and OTC (low-dose supplements) in US
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for IV formulations; OTC for oral
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for most formulations; some low-concentration topical formulations are [[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] (4% cream)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for oral and most topical formulations in US; Voltaren Arthritis Pain 1% gel switched to [[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in 2020
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for parenteral formulations; OTC for oral, nasal, and many nebulizer products
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (most products; some low-volume packs OTC)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (note: norgestrel 0.075 mg POP is now OTC as Opill since 2023, but norethindrone POP remains Rx)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (some OTC formulations exist)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (the veterinary preparations are not for human use)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US since 2020 (OTC 2% formulations withdrawn under CARES Act due to safety concerns)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''Contraindicated in structural heart disease''' — CAST trial (1989) showed increased mortality from class IC agents in patients with prior MI; modern use is limited to structurally normal hearts'"`UNIQ--ref-00001141-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''FDA Boxed Warning (2020):''' neuropsychiatric events including agitation, depression, sleep disturbance, and suicidal thoughts; benefit-risk should be reassessed regularly'"`UNIQ--ref-00000160-QINU`"'.
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''Federally non-controlled despite being a barbiturate''', a paradoxical situation given that its primary active metabolite phenobarbital is Schedule IV'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''Not a controlled substance''', the principal clinical selling point versus psychostimulant ADHD options. Carries the antidepressant-class '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidal ideation in pediatric patients'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of malignancy and serious infection; nephrotoxicity, hypertension, and immunosuppression-associated complications'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A93-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries '''Boxed Warnings''' for hepatotoxicity (especially children <2 with metabolic disorders), teratogenicity, and pancreatitis'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries '''Boxed Warnings''' for pulmonary toxicity (interstitial pneumonitis, fibrosis), hepatotoxicity, and proarrhythmia'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB5-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' contraindicating use in children <2 years (lethal dehydration in animal studies)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119E-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for '''tardive dyskinesia''' (irreversible movement disorder), driving the 12-week chronic-use limit'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EFB-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for Clostridioides difficile colitis (one of the most C. difficile-inducing antibiotic classes)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001444-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for bleeding risk and against aspirin maintenance doses above 100 mg/d (reduces ticagrelor efficacy, per PLATO subgroup analysis)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C94-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for bone mineral density loss with prolonged use (≥2 years; partially reversible after discontinuation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F22-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for heart failure (do not initiate in NYHA III/IV; can precipitate or worsen HF in any patient)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000826-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the '''antidepressant Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children/adolescents/young adults and the atypical-neuroleptic '''Boxed Warning''' for increased mortality in elderly dementia patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning for serious skin reactions''' including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, with the risk concentrated in the first 2-8 weeks of therapy and elevated by rapid titration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the NSAID-class '''Boxed Warning''' for cardiovascular thrombotic events and serious GI bleeding'"`UNIQ--ref-000011FB-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults. Not controlled'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002E-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the atypical-neuroleptic '''Boxed Warning''' for increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D84-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C5-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin: tendinitis/tendon rupture (especially elderly, corticosteroid co-use), peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, worsening of myasthenia gravis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF7-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Caution with QT-prolonging medicines (quinidine itself is class IA antiarrhythmic, and the dose here, though sub-antiarrhythmic, still contributes to QT)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001585-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. NSAID-class '''Boxed Warning''' for CV thrombotic events and GI bleeding; triptans contraindicated in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, and recent ergot or MAOI use'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D3-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. NSAID-class '''Boxed Warning''' for CV thrombotic events and GI bleeding'"`UNIQ--ref-00001270-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, distinguishing it from carisoprodol among muscle-spasm options'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, distinguishing it from carisoprodol which is Schedule IV'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, distinguishing it from the carisoprodol alternative for muscle spasm'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, like guanfacine and unlike the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, which is a meaningful clinical advantage over benzodiazepine alternatives for chronic anxiety'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, which is a meaningful clinical advantage over the benzodiazepine alternatives for short-term anxiety'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, which is a meaningful contrast to the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule III|Schedule III controlled substance]] in US (Fiorinal is scheduled federally; Fioricet with acetaminophen is unscheduled federally despite identical butalbital content, a regulatory quirk)
[[USLegal:Schedule III|Schedule III controlled substance]] in US. '''Contraindicated in children <12''' for any indication and in any age post-tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy (FDA 2017 black-box advisory)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001519-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US. Acetaminophen content limited to ≤325 mg per dosage unit (FDA 2014)
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US; WHO essential medicine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US (federally scheduled 2014); some states schedule higher'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US (tramadol was reclassified from non-controlled to Schedule IV in 2014 after recognition of dependence risk)
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning''' for '''complex sleep behaviors''' (sleep-driving, sleep-walking, sleep-eating, other parasomnias) added in 2019'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the benzodiazepine class '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of fatal respiratory depression, coma, and death when combined with opioids'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
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Drilldown: Medicines
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bioavailability: (Click arrow to add another value)