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Choose a table:
Medicines (732)
Medicines
> classes:
[[:Category:Antimanic agents|Antimanic agent]]
&
bioavailability:
None
&
pregnancy:
None
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
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classes:
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Research material
·
Classic Psychedelic
·
Stimulant
·
Opioid
·
Sedative-Hypnotic
·
Phenethylamine
·
Tryptamine
·
Benzodiazepine
·
Botanical
·
[[:Category:Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive]]
·
Dissociative
·
Anticonvulsant
·
Antidepressant
·
Plant Medicine
·
Analgesic
·
Antiparkinsonian
·
Antipsychotic
·
Empathogen
·
Neuroleptic
·
Cathinone
Other values:
2C-x series
5HT1A activity than aripiprazole
5HT2A
5HT2A/D2 antagonist with proposed differential pre/post-synaptic D2 activity
AChE inhibitor
APL)]]
Addiction medicine
Alpha-1 Adrenergic Antagonist
Alpha-2 agonist
Amphetamine
Amphetamine-like
Analgesic / antipyretic
Androgen / Anabolic Steroid
Anesthetic
Anesthetic adjunct
Animal Medicine
Anti-CGRP ligand monoclonal antibody
Anti-CGRP receptor monoclonal antibody
Anti-amyloid beta (Aβ) monoclonal antibody
Anti-dementia
Anticholinergic
Antiemetic
Antihistamine
Anxiolytic
Atypical antipsychotic
Barbiturate
Benzofuran
Beta blocker
CGRP receptor antagonist
CNS stimulant
COMT inhibitor
Caffeine plant
Cannabinoid
Cannabinoid (minor)
Cardioselective (β1)
Cardioselective (β1) + vasodilator
Cathinone source
Combined cholinesterase inhibitor + NMDA antagonist
D2/5HT1A partial agonist with stronger α1A
D2/D3/5HT1A partial agonist
Daimonica
Decongestant
Deliriant
Designer benzodiazepine
Dopamine agonist
Dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA)
Empathogenica
Ergoline
Ergotamine
Eugeroic
Excitantia
GABA-A positive allosteric modulator
GABA-A positive allosteric modulator (oral)
GABAB Agonist; Endogenous GHB receptor agonist
GABAergic
GLP-1 receptor agonist
Gepant
Histamine H3 receptor inverse agonist / antagonist
Inhalant
Inhalational anesthetic
Local anesthetic
Lysergamide
MAO-B inhibitor
MAOI
Migraine medicine
Mood Stabilizer
Multimodal antidepressant: SERT inhibitor + 5HT1A agonist + 5HT1B partial agonist + 5HT3/5HT7 antagonist
Multimodal serotonergic; HSDD treatment
Muscle relaxant
NDRI
NMDA receptor antagonist (uncompetitive
NMDA receptor antagonist (uncompetitive)
NMDA receptor antagonist + sigma-1 agonist + NDRI (combination)
NRI
NSAID
Neuroactive steroid
Neuromuscular blocker
Neurotoxin
Non-selective
Nootropic
Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)
Oneirogen
Opioid agonist therapy (OAT); Partial μ-agonist + abuse-deterrent
Opioid antagonist
PDE5 Inhibitor
Peptide
Phantastica
Pharmaceutical
Phenidate
Piperazine
Plant Med
Prodrug
Psychedelic
Psychostimulant
Pyrrolidinophenone
RIMA
Racetam
Rhapsodica
SARI
SNRI
SSRI
SSRI)]]
Sedative
Selective 5HT2A inverse agonist (with weaker 5HT2C inverse agonism)
Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI) with 5HT1A partial agonism
Serotonin partial agonist reuptake inhibitor (SPARI)
Synthetic cannabinoid
TCA
THC oxidation product
Thienodiazepine
Trace amine
Triazolobenzodiazepine
Triptan
Tropane alkaloid plant
Typical antipsychotic
Xanthine
Z-drug
[[:Category:5-HT3_antagonists|5-HT3 receptor antagonist]]
[[:Category:5-alpha-reductase_inhibitors|5α-reductase inhibitor (dual type I/II)]]
[[:Category:5-alpha-reductase_inhibitors|5α-reductase inhibitor]]
[[:Category:5-aminosalicylates|5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA)]]
[[:Category:ACE_inhibitors|ACE inhibitor]]
[[:Category:ADHD medicines|ADHD medicine]]
[[:Category:AUD medicines|Alcohol use disorder medicine]]
[[:Category:Acetic_acid_derivatives|Acetic acid derivative]]
[[:Category:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors|Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]
[[:Category:Adamantanes|Adamantane derivative]]
[[:Category:Aldosterone_antagonists|Mineralocorticoid (aldosterone) receptor antagonist]]
[[:Category:Allylamines|Allylamine]]
[[:Category:Alpha-1_blockers|Alpha-1 adrenergic blocker (non-selective)]]
[[:Category:Alpha-1_blockers|Alpha-1A adrenergic blocker]]
[[:Category:Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists|Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist]]
[[:Category:Alpha-2_agonists|Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist]]
[[:Category:Aminoglycosides|Aminoglycoside antibiotic]]
[[:Category:Aminopenicillins|Aminopenicillin]]
[[:Category:Amphetamines|Amphetamine]]
[[:Category:Analgesics|Analgesic (opioid-sparing parenteral)]]
[[:Category:Analgesics|Analgesic]]
[[:Category:Analgesics|Non-opioid analgesic]]
[[:Category:Androgen_modulators|Androgen modulator]]
[[:Category:Anesthetics|Anesthetic (historical)]]
[[:Category:Anesthetics|Anesthetic]]
[[:Category:Angiotensin_receptor_blockers|Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB)]]
[[:Category:Anorectics|Anorectic (appetite suppressant)]]
[[:Category:Anorectics|Anorectic (weight-loss agent)]]
[[:Category:Antacids|Antacid (carbonate)]]
[[:Category:Antacids|Antacid (hydroxide)]]
[[:Category:Antacids|Antacid]]
[[:Category:Anti-dementia medicines|Anti-dementia medicine]]
[[:Category:Anti-herpesvirus_agents|Anti-herpesvirus agent]]
[[:Category:Anti-inflammatories|Anti-inflammatory]]
[[:Category:Anti-influenza_agents|Anti-influenza agent]]
[[:Category:Anti-ulcer_agents|Anti-ulcer agent]]
[[:Category:Antiandrogens|Antiandrogen]]
[[:Category:Antianginals|Antianginal]]
[[:Category:Antiarrhythmics|Antiarrhythmic (IV sulfate
[[:Category:Antiarrhythmics|Antiarrhythmic (Vaughan Williams Class IB)]]
[[:Category:Antiarrhythmics|Antiarrhythmic (Vaughan-Williams class IC)]]
[[:Category:Antiarrhythmics|Antiarrhythmic (Vaughan-Williams class III)]]
[[:Category:Antiarrhythmics|Antiarrhythmic (class IV)]]
[[:Category:Antiasthmatic_agents|Antiasthmatic]]
[[:Category:Antibacterials|Antibacterial (anaerobic)]]
[[:Category:Antibacterials|Antibacterial]]
[[:Category:Anticaries_agents|Anticaries agent]]
[[:Category:Anticholinergics|Anticholinergic]]
[[:Category:Anticoagulants|Anticoagulant]]
[[:Category:Anticonvulsants|Anticonvulsant]]
[[:Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressant (bupropion
[[:Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressant (fluoxetine
[[:Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressant]]
[[:Category:Antidiarrheals|Antidiarrheal]]
[[:Category:Antiemetics|Antiemetic]]
[[:Category:Antiepileptics|Antiepileptic]]
[[:Category:Antifolates|Antifolate]]
[[:Category:Antifungals|Antifungal (allylamine)]]
[[:Category:Antifungals|Antifungal (imidazole)]]
[[:Category:Antifungals|Antifungal (triazole)]]
[[:Category:Antifungals|Antifungal]]
[[:Category:Antiglaucoma medicines|Antiglaucoma medicine]]
[[:Category:Antigout_agents|Antigout agent]]
[[:Category:Antihistamines|Antihistamine (potent H1)]]
[[:Category:Antihistamines|Antihistamine]]
[[:Category:Antihistamines|First-generation antihistamine (ethanolamine)]]
[[:Category:Antihistamines|First-generation antihistamine (piperazine)]]
[[:Category:Antihistamines|First-generation antihistamine]]
[[:Category:Antihyperglycemic_agents|Antihyperglycemic agent]]
[[:Category:Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive (historical)]]
[[:Category:Antihyperuricemic_agents|Antihyperuricemic agent]]
[[:Category:Antimalarials|Antimalarial (4-aminoquinoline)]]
[[:Category:Antimanic medicines|Antimanic]]
[[:Category:Antimetabolites|Antimetabolite (pyrimidine analog)]]
[[:Category:Antimigraine medicines|Antimigraine medicine]]
[[:Category:Antimigraine_agents|Antimigraine agent]]
[[:Category:Antimuscarinics|Antimuscarinic (M3-selective)]]
[[:Category:Antimuscarinics|Antimuscarinic]]
[[:Category:Antineoplastics|Antineoplastic (oral
[[:Category:Antineoplastics|Antineoplastic]]
[[:Category:Antioxidants|Antioxidant]]
[[:Category:Antiparasitics|Antiparasitic]]
[[:Category:Antiparkinsonians|Antiparkinsonian]]
[[:Category:Antiplatelet_agents|Antiplatelet agent]]
[[:Category:Antiplatelets|Antiplatelet]]
[[:Category:Antiprotozoals|Antiprotozoal]]
[[:Category:Antipruritics|Antipruritic]]
[[:Category:Antipyretics|Antipyretic]]
[[:Category:Antiresorptives|Antiresorptive]]
[[:Category:Antisecretory_agents|Gastric acid suppressant]]
[[:Category:Antiseptics|Antiseptic]]
[[:Category:Antispasmodics|GI antispasmodic]]
[[:Category:Antispastics|Antispastic]]
[[:Category:Antithyroid_agents|Antithyroid agent]]
[[:Category:Antitussives|Antitussive]]
[[:Category:Antivertigo medicines|Antivertigo medicine]]
[[:Category:Antivirals|Antiviral]]
[[:Category:Anxiolytics|Anxiolytic]]
[[:Category:Aromatase_inhibitors|Aromatase inhibitor (non-steroidal)]]
[[:Category:Arylcyclohexylamines|Arylcyclohexylamine]]
[[:Category:Atypical neuroleptics|Atypical neuroleptic (second-generation)]]
[[:Category:Atypical neuroleptics|Atypical neuroleptic]]
[[:Category:Azalides|Azalide]]
[[:Category:Azapirones|Azapirone]]
[[:Category:Azo_dyes|Azo dye]]
[[:Category:B-vitamins|B-vitamin]]
[[:Category:BPH_treatments|Benign prostatic hyperplasia treatment]]
[[:Category:Bacteriostatic_antibiotics|Bacteriostatic antibiotic]]
[[:Category:Barbiturates|Barbiturate (butalbital)]]
[[:Category:Barbiturates|Barbiturate (parent compound)]]
[[:Category:Basal_insulins|Basal insulin]]
[[:Category:Benzisoxazoles|Benzisoxazole]]
[[:Category:Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepine (long-acting)]]
[[:Category:Benzodiazepines|Benzodiazepine]]
[[:Category:Beta blockers|Beta blocker (cardioselective β1)]]
[[:Category:Beta blockers|Beta blocker (non-selective
[[:Category:Beta blockers|Beta blocker (non-selective)]]
[[:Category:Beta blockers|Combined alpha-1 and non-selective beta blocker]]
[[:Category:Beta-2_adrenergic_agonists|Short-acting β2-agonist]]
[[:Category:Beta-3_agonists|β3 adrenergic agonist]]
[[:Category:Beta-lactam_antibiotics|β-lactam antibiotic]]
[[:Category:Biguanides|Biguanide]]
[[:Category:Biologics|Biologic]]
[[:Category:Bisbiguanides|Bisbiguanide]]
[[:Category:Bisphosphonates|Bisphosphonate (nitrogen-containing)]]
[[:Category:Bowel_preparation_agents|Bowel preparation agent]]
[[:Category:Bronchodilators|Bronchodilator]]
[[:Category:Calcineurin_inhibitors|Calcineurin inhibitor]]
[[:Category:Calcium_channel_blockers|Calcium channel blocker (dihydropyridine)]]
[[:Category:Calcium_channel_blockers|Calcium channel blocker (non-dihydropyridine)]]
[[:Category:Calcium_channel_blockers|Calcium channel blocker]]
[[:Category:Calcium_supplements|Calcium supplement]]
[[:Category:Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitors|Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (topical)]]
[[:Category:Cardiovascular_agents|Cardiovascular agent]]
[[:Category:Catecholamines|Catecholamine]]
[[:Category:Cephalosporins|Cephalosporin (first-generation)]]
[[:Category:Cephalosporins|Cephalosporin (second-generation)]]
[[:Category:Cephalosporins|Cephalosporin (third-generation)]]
[[:Category:Cholesterol_absorption_inhibitors|Cholesterol absorption inhibitor]]
[[:Category:Chronobiotics|Chronobiotic (circadian phase regulator)]]
[[:Category:Classical Psychedelics (Serotonergic)|Classic Psychedelic]]
[[:Category:Classical Psychedelics (Serotonergic)|Serotonergic psychedelic]]
[[:Category:Corticosteroids|Corticosteroid]]
[[:Category:Crystalloid_IV_fluids|Crystalloid IV fluid]]
[[:Category:Cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidines|Cyclopentyltriazolopyrimidine]]
[[:Category:DMARDs|DMARD]]
[[:Category:DOACs|Direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)]]
[[:Category:DPP-4_inhibitors|DPP-4 inhibitor]]
[[:Category:Decongestants|Decongestant]]
[[:Category:Depigmenting_agents|Depigmenting agent]]
[[:Category:Dibenzothiazepines|Dibenzothiazepine]]
[[:Category:Diphenylmethane_laxatives|Diphenylmethane laxative]]
[[:Category:Direct_factor_Xa_inhibitors|Direct factor Xa inhibitor]]
[[:Category:Direct_vasodilators|Direct arteriolar vasodilator]]
[[:Category:Disaccharides|Non-absorbable disaccharide]]
[[:Category:Dissociatives|Dissociative]]
[[:Category:Diuretics|Diuretic]]
[[:Category:Dopamine agonists|Dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist (non-ergot)]]
[[:Category:Dopamine_D2_antagonists|Dopamine D2 antagonist]]
[[:Category:Electrolyte_replacements|Electrolyte replacement]]
[[:Category:Endocrine_therapy|Endocrine therapy]]
[[:Category:Estrogens|Estrogen]]
[[:Category:Eugeroics|Eugeroic]]
[[:Category:Expectorants|Expectorant]]
[[:Category:Fat-soluble_vitamins|Fat-soluble vitamin]]
[[:Category:Fibrates|Fibrate]]
[[:Category:Fixed-dose_combinations|Fixed-dose combination]]
[[:Category:Fluoroquinolones|Fluoroquinolone antibiotic]]
[[:Category:GABA-B receptor agonists|GABA-B receptor agonist]]
[[:Category:Gabapentinoids|Gabapentinoid]]
[[:Category:Gepants|Gepant (small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonist)]]
[[:Category:Glaucoma_medications|Glaucoma medication]]
[[:Category:Glucocorticoids|Glucocorticoid (intermediate-acting)]]
[[:Category:Glucocorticoids|Glucocorticoid (long-acting
[[:Category:Glucocorticoids|Glucocorticoid (short-acting
[[:Category:Glucocorticoids|Glucocorticoid]]
[[:Category:Guanylate_cyclase_C_agonists|Guanylate cyclase-C agonist]]
[[:Category:H1_receptor_antagonists|Histamine H1 receptor antagonist (second-generation)]]
[[:Category:H1_receptor_antagonists|Histamine H1 receptor antagonist]]
[[:Category:H2_receptor_antagonists|Histamine H2 receptor antagonist]]
[[:Category:Heart failure medicines|Heart failure medicine]]
[[:Category:Heart_failure_medications|Heart failure medication]]
[[:Category:Hematinics|Hematinic]]
[[:Category:Hepatic_encephalopathy_treatments|Hepatic encephalopathy treatment]]
[[:Category:Hormonal_contraceptives|Hormonal contraceptive (Depo)]]
[[:Category:Hormonal_contraceptives|Hormonal contraceptive]]
[[:Category:Hormone_replacement_therapy|Hormone replacement therapy]]
[[:Category:Hormone_replacement|Hormone replacement]]
[[:Category:Hormones|Hormone (steroid)]]
[[:Category:Hydroxypyridones|Hydroxypyridone]]
[[:Category:IBD_medications|IBD medication]]
[[:Category:IBS_treatments|IBS-C treatment]]
[[:Category:Immunomodulators|Immunomodulator]]
[[:Category:Immunosuppressants|Immunosuppressant]]
[[:Category:Incretin_modulators|Incretin pathway modulator]]
[[:Category:Inhaled_corticosteroids|Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)]]
[[:Category:Inotropes|Inotrope]]
[[:Category:Insulin_secretagogues|Insulin secretagogue]]
[[:Category:Insulins|Insulin]]
[[:Category:Intranasal_antihistamines|Intranasal antihistamine]]
[[:Category:Iron_supplements|Iron supplement]]
[[:Category:Leukotriene_receptor_antagonists|Leukotriene receptor antagonist]]
[[:Category:Lincosamides|Lincosamide antibiotic]]
[[:Category:Lipid-lowering_agents|Lipid-lowering agent]]
[[:Category:Local anesthetics|Local anesthetic (amide class)]]
[[:Category:Long-acting_insulins|Long-acting insulin analog]]
[[:Category:Long-acting_muscarinic_antagonists|Long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)]]
[[:Category:Loop_diuretics|Loop diuretic]]
[[:Category:Macrocyclic_lactones|Macrocyclic lactone (avermectin)]]
[[:Category:Macrolide_antibiotics|Macrolide antibiotic]]
[[:Category:Mast_cell_stabilizers|Mast cell stabilizer]]
[[:Category:Mealtime_insulins|Mealtime (bolus) insulin]]
[[:Category:Melatonin receptor agonists|Melatonin receptor agonist]]
[[:Category:Methylxanthines|Methylxanthine (caffeine)]]
[[:Category:Microtubule_inhibitors|Microtubule inhibitor]]
[[:Category:Migraine prophylactics|Migraine prophylactic]]
[[:Category:Migraine_prophylaxis|Migraine prophylaxis]]
[[:Category:Monoclonal_antibodies|Monoclonal antibody (fully human IgG1)]]
[[:Category:Monoclonal_antibodies|Monoclonal antibody (fully human IgG2)]]
[[:Category:Mood stabilizers|Mood stabilizer (off-label)]]
[[:Category:Mood stabilizers|Mood stabilizer]]
[[:Category:Mood_stabilizers|Mood stabilizer]]
[[:Category:Mucolytics|Mucolytic]]
[[:Category:Mucosal_protectants|Mucosal protectant]]
[[:Category:NDRIs|Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)]]
[[:Category:NMDA antagonists|NMDA receptor antagonist]]
[[:Category:NMDA receptor antagonists|NMDA receptor antagonist (uncompetitive
[[:Category:NMDA_receptor_antagonists|NMDA receptor antagonist]]
[[:Category:NRIs|Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI)]]
[[:Category:NSAIDs|NSAID (aspirin)]]
[[:Category:NSAIDs|NSAID (naproxen)]]
[[:Category:NSAIDs|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID
[[:Category:NSAIDs|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID)]]
[[:Category:NSAIDs|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)]]
[[:Category:Neuraminidase_inhibitors|Neuraminidase inhibitor]]
[[:Category:Neuroleptics|Atypical neuroleptic (olanzapine)]]
[[:Category:Neuroleptics|Neuroleptic]]
[[:Category:Neuropathic pain medicines|Neuropathic pain medicine]]
[[:Category:Nitrates|Organic nitrate]]
[[:Category:Nitrofurans|Nitrofuran]]
[[:Category:Nitroimidazoles|Nitroimidazole antibiotic]]
[[:Category:Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics|Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic]]
[[:Category:Non-opioid_analgesics|Non-opioid analgesic (acetaminophen)]]
[[:Category:Nucleoside_analogs|Nucleoside analog (prodrug)]]
[[:Category:Nucleoside_analogs|Nucleoside analog]]
[[:Category:OUD medicines|Opioid use disorder medicine]]
[[:Category:Ocular_hypotensive_agents|Ocular hypotensive agent]]
[[:Category:Omega-3_fatty_acids|Omega-3 fatty acid]]
[[:Category:Ophthalmic_antihistamines|Ophthalmic antihistamine]]
[[:Category:Opioid analgesics|Opioid analgesic (atypical
[[:Category:Opioid analgesics|Opioid analgesic (full mu-agonist)]]
[[:Category:Opioid analgesics|Opioid analgesic (natural phenanthrene from opium poppy)]]
[[:Category:Opioid analgesics|Opioid analgesic (partial mu-agonist
[[:Category:Opioid analgesics|Opioid analgesic (semi-synthetic)]]
[[:Category:Opioid antagonists|Opioid antagonist (mu and kappa)]]
[[:Category:Opioid withdrawal medicines|Opioid withdrawal medicine]]
[[:Category:Opioid_analgesics|Opioid analgesic (codeine
[[:Category:Opioid_analgesics|Opioid analgesic]]
[[:Category:Opioid_antagonists|Opioid antagonist (naltrexone)]]
[[:Category:Opioid_receptor_agonists|Peripheral opioid receptor agonist (μ-selective
[[:Category:Orexigenics|Appetite-promoting medicine (orexigenic)]]
[[:Category:Osmotic_laxatives|Osmotic laxative (citrate
[[:Category:Osmotic_laxatives|Osmotic laxative]]
[[:Category:Osteoporosis_medications|Osteoporosis medication]]
[[:Category:Overactive_bladder_medications|Overactive bladder medication]]
[[:Category:P2Y12_inhibitors|P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (reversible)]]
[[:Category:P2Y12_inhibitors|P2Y12 receptor inhibitor]]
[[:Category:PCSK9_inhibitors|PCSK9 inhibitor]]
[[:Category:PPAR_alpha_agonists|PPAR-α agonist]]
[[:Category:PPAR_gamma_agonists|PPAR-γ agonist]]
[[:Category:Penicillins|Penicillin (natural
[[:Category:Penicillins|Penicillin]]
[[:Category:Phenothiazines|Phenothiazine]]
[[:Category:Polyene_antifungals|Polyene antifungal]]
[[:Category:Potassium-sparing_diuretics|Potassium-sparing diuretic]]
[[:Category:Potassium_supplements|Potassium supplement]]
[[:Category:Progestins|Progestin (synthetic progestogen)]]
[[:Category:Progestogens|Progestin (synthetic progestogen)]]
[[:Category:Progestogens|Progestogen]]
[[:Category:Prokinetics|Prokinetic (off-label)]]
[[:Category:Prokinetics|Prokinetic]]
[[:Category:Prostaglandin_analogs|Prostaglandin F2α analog]]
[[:Category:Proton_pump_inhibitors|Proton pump inhibitor (PPI)]]
[[:Category:Psychedelics|Psychedelic]]
[[:Category:Psychostimulants|Psychostimulant]]
[[:Category:Psychostimulants|Psychostimulant]] (atypical)
[[:Category:Pyranocarboxylic_acid_derivatives|Pyranocarboxylic acid derivative]]
[[:Category:REMS medicines|REMS medicine (mandatory ANC monitoring)]]
[[:Category:Rapid-acting_insulins|Rapid-acting insulin analog]]
[[:Category:Retinoids|Retinoid]]
[[:Category:SARIs|Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor (SARI)]]
[[:Category:SGLT2_inhibitors|SGLT2 inhibitor]]
[[:Category:SNRIs|Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)]]
[[:Category:SSRIs|Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)]]
[[:Category:SV2A ligands|Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligand]]
[[:Category:Schedule II controlled substances|Schedule II controlled substance]]
[[:Category:Schedule III controlled substances|Schedule III controlled substance]]
[[:Category:Schedule IV controlled substances|Schedule IV controlled substance]]
[[:Category:Schedule V controlled substances|Schedule V controlled substance]]
[[:Category:Schedule_III_controlled_substances|Schedule III controlled substance]]
[[:Category:Schedule_II_controlled_substances|Schedule II controlled substance]]
[[:Category:Schedule_IV_controlled_substances|Schedule IV controlled substance]]
[[:Category:Second-generation neuroleptics|Second-generation (atypical) neuroleptic]]
[[:Category:Second-generation neuroleptics|Second-generation neuroleptic (atypical)]]
[[:Category:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)|SSRI]]
[[:Category:Serotonin 5-HT1A partial agonists|Serotonin 5-HT1A partial agonist]]
[[:Category:Serotonin antagonists|Serotonin 5-HT2 antagonist]]
[[:Category:Serotonin-dopamine antagonists|Serotonin-dopamine antagonist]]
[[:Category:Sex_hormones|Sex hormone]]
[[:Category:Short-acting_muscarinic_antagonists|Short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA)]]
[[:Category:Sigma-1_receptor_agonists|Sigma-1 receptor agonist]]
[[:Category:Skeletal muscle relaxants|Skeletal muscle relaxant (centrally-acting)]]
[[:Category:Skeletal muscle relaxants|Skeletal muscle relaxant]]
[[:Category:Skin_lightening_agents|Skin-lightening agent]]
[[:Category:Sleep aids|Sleep aid (Silenor low-dose)]]
[[:Category:Sleep aids|Sleep aid (off-label)]]
[[:Category:Sleep aids|Sleep aid]]
[[:Category:Smoking cessation medicines|Smoking cessation medicine]]
[[:Category:Sodium channel blockers|Sodium channel blocker]]
[[:Category:Statins|Statin]]
[[:Category:Stimulant_laxatives|Stimulant laxative]]
[[:Category:Stool_softeners|Stool softener]]
[[:Category:Sulfonylureas|Sulfonylurea (second-generation)]]
[[:Category:Sulfonylureas|Sulfonylurea (third-generation)]]
[[:Category:Surfactants|Surfactant]]
[[:Category:Sympathomimetics|Sympathomimetic (indirect-acting)]]
[[:Category:Sympathomimetics|Sympathomimetic]]
[[:Category:TNF_inhibitors|TNF-α inhibitor]]
[[:Category:Tetracyclic antidepressants|Tetracyclic antidepressant]]
[[:Category:Tetracycline_antibiotics|Tetracycline antibiotic]]
[[:Category:Thiazide-like_diuretics|Thiazide-like diuretic]]
[[:Category:Thiazide_diuretics|Thiazide diuretic]]
[[:Category:Thiazolidinediones|Thiazolidinedione (TZD)]]
[[:Category:Thienobenzodiazepines|Thienobenzodiazepine]]
[[:Category:Thienopyridines|Thienopyridine]]
[[:Category:Thionamides|Thionamide]]
[[:Category:Third-generation neuroleptics|Third-generation neuroleptic]]
[[:Category:Thyroid_hormones|Thyroid hormone]]
[[:Category:Tocolytics|Tocolytic (off-label)]]
[[:Category:Topical_antibiotics|Topical antibiotic]]
[[:Category:Topical_antifungals|Topical antifungal]]
[[:Category:Topical_corticosteroids|Topical corticosteroid (Class I
[[:Category:Topical_corticosteroids|Topical corticosteroid (high-to-super-high potency depending on ester)]]
[[:Category:Topical_corticosteroids|Topical corticosteroid]]
[[:Category:Topical_retinoids|Topical retinoid]]
[[:Category:Trace_elements|Trace element]]
[[:Category:Treatment-resistant schizophrenia medicines|Treatment-resistant schizophrenia medicine]]
[[:Category:Tremor medicines|Tremor medicine]]
[[:Category:Triazoles|Triazole]]
[[:Category:Tricyclic antidepressants|Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA
[[:Category:Tricyclic antidepressants|Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA)]]
[[:Category:Tricyclic-related compounds|Tricyclic-related compound]]
[[:Category:Triptans|Triptan (5-HT1B/1D agonist)]]
[[:Category:Tryptamines|Tryptamine]]
[[:Category:Ultra-long-acting_insulins|Ultra-long-acting insulin analog]]
[[:Category:Urinary_analgesics|Urinary tract analgesic]]
[[:Category:Urinary_anti-infectives|Urinary anti-infective]]
[[:Category:Vasodilators|Vasodilator]]
[[:Category:Vasopressors|Vasopressor]]
[[:Category:Vitamin_D_analogs|Vitamin D analog (active form)]]
[[:Category:Vitamin_D_analogs|Vitamin D analog]]
[[:Category:Vitamin_K_antagonists|Vitamin K antagonist]]
[[:Category:Vitamins|Vitamin]]
[[:Category:Water-soluble_vitamins|Water-soluble vitamin]]
[[:Category:Weight loss medicines|Weight loss medicine]]
[[:Category:Xanthine_oxidase_inhibitors|Xanthine oxidase inhibitor]]
[[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] · [[Antidiabetic medicines|Antidiabetic]] · Fc-fusion biologic
[[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] · [[Antidiabetic medicines|Antidiabetic]] · First-in-class incretin mimetic
[[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] · [[Antidiabetic medicines|Antidiabetic]] · [[Anti-obesity medicines|Anti-obesity]] · [[Cardiovascular risk reduction]] agent
[[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] · [[GIP receptor agonist]] · [[Antidiabetic medicines|Antidiabetic]] · [[Anti-obesity medicines|Anti-obesity]] · "Twincretin"
_none
atypical)]]
gut-restricted)]]
high-potency)]]
hydroxide)]]
kappa antagonist)]]
low-affinity)]]
low-trapping)
narrow-spectrum)]]
neuromuscular blocker (presynaptic)
non-selective)]]
non-stimulant ADHD agent
phytocannabinoid
potent non-selective)]]
precursor cannabinoid
preferential COX-2)]]
secondary amine)]]
selective COX-2)]]
super-potent)]]
targets protofibrils
targets pyroglutamated Aβ in plaques
the first approved
torsades)]]
wake-promoting agent
weak μ-agonist with serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibition)]]
weak)]]
with alpha-1 antagonism)]]
with mineralocorticoid activity)]]
Search
mechanism:
(There are no values for this filter)
uses:
(There are no values for this filter)
starting dose:
(There are no values for this filter)
preparations:
(There are no values for this filter)
fda max:
(There are no values for this filter)
routes:
(There are no values for this filter)
onset:
(There are no values for this filter)
duration:
(There are no values for this filter)
halflife:
(There are no values for this filter)
bioavailability:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
100% (IV)
·
~100% from subcutaneous depot
·
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
·
70–90% (oral)
·
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
·
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
·
~95%
·
'''Saturable''' via the LAT-1 amino-acid transporter, producing nonlinear pharmacokinetics: ~60% at 300 mg single dose, falling to ~35% at 1200 mg single dose'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
·
10-20% (oral; reduced by food, calcium, antacids, PPIs, tea/coffee; enhanced by ascorbate)
·
100% (IV); essentially complete (oral)
·
100% (IV); rapidly neutralized by gastric acid (oral)
·
16-21% capsule, 25% suspension (oral; iron and antacids reduce absorption substantially)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E5-QINU`"'
·
25 mg: ~29%; 50 mg: ~35%; food reduces absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C4F-QINU`"'
·
30-40% (oral; increases with repeated dosing as gastric pH rises)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DF-QINU`"'
·
40-45% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025C-QINU`"'
·
40-80% (oral); reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs, fiber; take fasting with water'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
·
42-58% (oral; dose-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEF-QINU`"'
·
50-60% (oral; decreased with food, but food given anyway for GI tolerance)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
·
60-70% PO at low doses; saturable at high doses (parenteral routes preferred above 15-25 mg/week)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007C9-QINU`"'
Other values:
60-80% (oral)
60-80% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000843-QINU`"'
64-90% (oral; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000079-QINU`"'
65-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013F-QINU`"'
70-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007ED-QINU`"'
70-80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A4-QINU`"'
75-90% (oral; minimally affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001A2-QINU`"'
80-90% oral
90% (oral; food delays but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F3-QINU`"'
<0.1% systemic absorption (PEG 3350 is too large to absorb intact)
<1% (oral; further reduced by food, calcium, iron, antacids; hence the strict fasting/upright dosing rules)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006C4-QINU`"'
<1% oral (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ~30% inhaled lung deposition'"`UNIQ--ref-000001DE-QINU`"'
<3% systemic absorption (the basis of the safety and mechanism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F5E-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; food enhances absorption of IR, hence the evening-meal dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000808-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; statin pharmacology is hepatocellular, not systemic)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000017B-QINU`"'
<5% systemic absorption (this is the safety basis)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DC3-QINU`"'
>90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; food slows absorption and reduces peaks, hence the post-meal dosing rule)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001BD-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not affected by food or gastric pH — a major practical advantage over itraconazole)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A48-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001120-QINU`"'
Absolute bioavailability not precisely characterized; food modestly increases exposure
Acid-labile; not effective orally (oral form available outside US as penicillin G salts but penicillin V is preferred for oral use)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000141A-QINU`"'
Adequate (food-dependent, must take with fatty meal)
Adequate oral bioavailability
Adequate oral bioavailability with extended-release formulation
Approximately 50-60% (oral; subject to first-pass metabolism); food does not significantly affect absorption.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004C-QINU`"'
Buprenorphine ~30% SL; naloxone <10% SL (intentional, inactive sublingually, matters only if injected)
Butalbital well-absorbed; aspirin 50-75%; caffeine ~100%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B8-QINU`"'
Butalbital well-absorbed; caffeine ~100%; acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015A0-QINU`"'
Carbonate ~30-40% (best with food and acid); citrate ~24% (absorbable without acid; preferred in achlorhydria, PPI use, post-bariatric)
Codeine ~60% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001518-QINU`"'
Essentially zero systemic absorption from oral or topical routes — the topical-action-only profile is the basis of its safety'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D18-QINU`"'
High (oral)
High (oral); not significantly affected by food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000397-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB5-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001051-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001165-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000012A0-QINU`"'
High (oral; absorption not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000825-QINU`"'
High (oral; food enhances)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001039-QINU`"'
High (oral; food prolongs absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000622-QINU`"'
High (oral; not affected by food, but typically given with the morning meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027D-QINU`"'
High (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B65-QINU`"'
High with fat-containing meal; reduced in malabsorption
Highly formulation-dependent; the goal is colonic delivery with minimal systemic exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBF-QINU`"'
Highly route-dependent: SL bypasses first-pass; oral has extensive first-pass (used only for chronic ER preparations); transdermal predictable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C10-QINU`"'
Highly salt-dependent: citrate ~25-30%; oxide ~4% (limited and causes osmotic diarrhea); chloride ~12%
Highly variable due to saturable first-pass metabolism'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002C-QINU`"'
IM/SC ~100%; oral negligible (extensive first-pass and gut metabolism — hence the no-oral route)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E53-QINU`"'
IV/IM ~100%; inhaled: minimal systemic; oral: negligible (not used orally for systemic infection)'"`UNIQ--ref-000010B4-QINU`"'
Improved with food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"'
Increased substantially via CYP2D6 inhibition'"`UNIQ--ref-00001584-QINU`"'
Increased with food (varies by formulation; the micronized and nanocrystal forms are less food-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004AE-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition with minimal systemic absorption (the basis of the favorable safety profile vs systemic antimuscarinics)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7C-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition ~20%; systemic absorption from lung ~33%; oral component negligible'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C1-QINU`"'
Intranasal ~40% systemic; ophthalmic minimal'"`UNIQ--ref-000013B7-QINU`"'
Intranasal: <1% systemic; inhaled lung deposition with extensive first-pass clearance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F9D-QINU`"'
Limited but adequate; take with food
Local (intramuscular)
Local action; minimal systemic effect
Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"'
Mononitrate ~100% (no first-pass; the principal advantage over dinitrate); dinitrate ~20%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001462-QINU`"'
Naltrexone ~5% (oral, extensive first-pass to 6β-naltrexol); bupropion ER ~87%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001569-QINU`"'
Negligible (not absorbed)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000058-QINU`"'
Negligible systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119D-QINU`"'
Not characterized; oral dosing once daily
Not formally characterized for the combination
Not formally characterized in humans.
Not formally established
Not formally established (high SC)
Not formally established; oral once-daily adequate
Not well characterized
Not well characterized'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
Olanzapine 60% (oral); fluoxetine high (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154E-QINU`"'
Oral bioavailability is not precisely established in the label but absorption is rapid and essentially complete. Food delays peak plasma concentration by approximately one hour but does not reduce the extent of absorption.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006F-QINU`"'
Oral bioavailability of psilocin from administered psilocybin approximately 50%
Oral bioavailability suitable for daily dosing
Oral non-undecanoate has essentially zero bioavailability (hepatic first-pass)
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100%
Oral ~5% (extensive first-pass to estrone and conjugates); transdermal bypasses first-pass, giving more physiologic estradiol:estrone ratio'"`UNIQ--ref-000003BB-QINU`"'
Oral ~70%; depot IM provides sustained release over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101B-QINU`"'
Oral ~90%; depot IM essentially 100% over the dosing interval'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F21-QINU`"'
Oral: very low (extensive first-pass); micronization improves uptake somewhat. Vaginal: high local effect with lower systemic levels (first-uterine-pass concentration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000727-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 60-87%; aspirin 50-75%'"`UNIQ--ref-000014FB-QINU`"'
Rapid absorption; absolute bioavailability not formally established
Reasonable (not formally established as a percentage)
SC ~47%–65%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
SC ~55%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018B-QINU`"'
SC ~65%–75%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~80%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~89%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> · Oral ~0.4–1% (SNAC-enhanced)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000254-QINU`"'
Sandimmune: highly variable (~30%); Neoral microemulsion: ~50%, less variable; '''Sandimmune and Neoral are NOT bioequivalent and not interchangeable''''"`UNIQ--ref-00000A92-QINU`"'
Substantially improved with high-fat meal; take with food'"`UNIQ--ref-000013D2-QINU`"'
Sumatriptan ~15% (oral; substantial first-pass); naproxen ~95%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D2-QINU`"'
Tablet ~100% relative to oral solution; extensive first-pass metabolism
Topical with limited but measurable systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001219-QINU`"'
Topical with measurable systemic absorption (small CA inhibition observed clinically with chronic use)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B0B-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-000011DA-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000123A-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001288-QINU`"'
Topical with variable systemic absorption depending on body site, occlusion, and skin integrity; HPA-axis suppression is documented even with brief courses to large areas'"`UNIQ--ref-0000079F-QINU`"'
Topical/intranasal: high local, low systemic; intra-articular: local depot then systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000667-QINU`"'
Topical/oral local action with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001399-QINU`"'
Topical: local effect on enamel; systemic supplementation has high oral bioavailability with skeletal accumulation
Topical: minimal systemic absorption (oral systemic 5-FU not used due to poor and variable absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011BF-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic absorption with normal skin; oral: variable, induced metabolism with repeated dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BA4-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; oral: pH-dependent, requires gastric acid'"`UNIQ--ref-00000889-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; troche: ~3% systemic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F46-QINU`"'
Topical; clinically meaningful systemic absorption can produce systemic α2 effects (somnolence, hypotension), especially in children'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D2-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000418-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A03-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DA2-QINU`"'
Tramadol ~75% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001531-QINU`"'
Variable (oral; rapidly conjugated to active glucuronide; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000451-QINU`"'
Variable; reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
~0.3% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the intestinal and blood-brain barriers limit systemic and CNS exposure at therapeutic doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD3-QINU`"'
~10% inhaled reaches systemic circulation; ~50% PO'"`UNIQ--ref-0000009A-QINU`"'
~100% (oral); highly (~90%) protein-bound, with non-linear binding above therapeutic levels (free fraction matters clinically in hypoalbuminemia)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097D-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000706-QINU`"'
~100% (oral, but oral use is limited to continuation from parenteral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; absorption complete)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000126F-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; food delays absorption, hence pre-meal dosing for IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002DA-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; near-complete absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000493-QINU`"'
~100% both components
~100% from subcutaneous depot (by definition of the route)
~12% (extensive metabolizers); ~96% (poor metabolizers)
~14% (extensive hepatic first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~14% (oral; substantial first-pass); ~97% (subcutaneous); ~17% (nasal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~15% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~17% (oral; food slightly reduces absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D6-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; hydrophilic, minimal CYP metabolism, mostly excreted unchanged in bile)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000FD-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; valacyclovir prodrug raises this to ~55%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000910-QINU`"'
~20-35% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 with R/S enantiomer differences)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6C-QINU`"'
~22–25%
~25% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~25% (high first-pass)
~25% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
~25% (oral, with extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food reduces absorption ~40%)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CE-QINU`"'
~25-35% (extensive first-pass), increased by food which slows absorption and reduces orthostatic risk'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~25-40% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~25-50% (oral; substantial first-pass via NAT2 acetylation, phenotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000688-QINU`"'
~26% (oral; prodrug hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases to active olmesartan; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056D-QINU`"'
~28% (oral; food slows but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C33-QINU`"'
~30% (high first-pass)
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117D-QINU`"'
~30% (sublingual; the primary therapeutic route); ~10-20% (oral swallowed, low due to first-pass); ~50% (buccal Belbuca); transdermal Butrans bypasses first-pass.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"'
~30-65% (oral; acid-labile, hence enteric-coated formulations; food affects absorption variably)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3F-QINU`"'
~33%
~33% (extensive first-pass via CYP2C9 and CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BD-QINU`"'
~33% (oral; fruit juices including grapefruit, orange, and apple reduce absorption substantially via OATP1A2 inhibition — distinctive interaction not seen with most other H1s)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCD-QINU`"'
~33-55% (IR); reduced by food'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~35% (oral, extensive first-pass; not used orally for systemic effect); ~100% (IV)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~36% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C93-QINU`"'
~37% (oral, as axetil prodrug; food modestly improves absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FFA-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A23-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food reduces absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003FD-QINU`"'
~38% (oral; non-acidic prodrug improves GI tolerability over many other NSAIDs)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011FA-QINU`"'
~4% (extensive first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40%
~40% (oral); food and formulation substantially alter the absorption profile'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000643-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; food does not significantly affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EB3-QINU`"'
~40-60% (oral, with significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~44%
~45% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C73-QINU`"'
~45% (oral; substantially higher than sumatriptan's ~14%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000013-QINU`"'
~45%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~48% intranasal
~5% intranasal
~5-20% (extensive first-pass), highly variable between individuals'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~5-40% (oral, highly variable due to extensive first-pass metabolism; mean ~5-10% for parent naltrexone with the majority of pharmacologic effect coming from 6-beta-naltrexol). IM Vivitrol bypasses first-pass entirely.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"'
~50%
~50% (highly variable)
~50% (oral); systemic absorption from ophthalmic application is clinically meaningful via nasolacrimal drainage'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002C5-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB4-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable, 10-100%, hence the standard 1:2 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000223-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FC-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; reduced by buffering and enteric coating but onset clinically similar)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; substantial first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect).
~50% IR (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ER products release-rate-limited'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074E-QINU`"'
~50-60% (oral; food enhances)
~50-60% (oral; substantial first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~53% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~55% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~55% bioavailability of acyclovir after valacyclovir oral (vs ~20% from oral acyclovir directly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000005D7-QINU`"'
~58% (extended-release); ~80% (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~6% IR oral (substantial first-pass to active N-desethyl metabolite, which contributes most of the antimuscarinic adverse effects); transdermal bypasses first-pass and is better tolerated'"`UNIQ--ref-000006E2-QINU`"'
~6-13% inhaled lung deposition; ~10% oral (Entocort EC; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 — this is the basis of the favorable hepatic-targeted local-effect profile in IBD)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A6-QINU`"'
~60%
~60% (oral); ~100% (IM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000379-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D5A-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B85-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; phenoxymethyl modification makes it acid-stable, unlike penicillin G which is destroyed by gastric acid)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E77-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; substantially increased with high-fat meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001093-QINU`"'
~60% from subcutaneous depot (reduced by reversible albumin binding via the myristic acid side chain that also extends duration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001375-QINU`"'
~60-87% (oral; high and more consistent than codeine or hydrocodone, making efficacy less CYP2D6-genotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~60-87% oxycodone (high and predictable, less CYP-genotype-dependent than codeine or hydrocodone); 85-98% acetaminophen'"`UNIQ--ref-000014E3-QINU`"'
~60–70% (oral)
~62%
~63% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000532-QINU`"'
~63% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~64% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~64% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000015F-QINU`"'
~64% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001104-QINU`"'
~64-90% (oral; increases at higher doses and with multi-day dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E9-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000784-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB1-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013F6-QINU`"'
~67% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B26-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008C5-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; bioavailability and absorption are improved with food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000355-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"'
~70-85% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~70-85% (oral, high relative to other opioids)
~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg)
~72% (with food); much lower fasting (~36%)
~72% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001480-QINU`"'
~72% oral; ~85% smoked'"`UNIQ--ref-00000066-QINU`"'
~75%
~75% (IR, rises with multi-dose administration due to saturable first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~75% (oral, as the active carboxylate after hepatic esterase activation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E95-QINU`"'
~75% (oral; absorption improved with fat-containing meal)
~75% (oral; fat-soluble, absorption requires intact biliary/lipid digestion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000331-QINU`"'
~75-85% (oral); ~60% (transdermal at steady state)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~75–90% (oral)
~77% (oral; not affected by food or antacids)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011E-QINU`"'
~78% (oral; high-fat meal modestly reduces but is not clinically significant)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000553-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000310-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEC-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E2C-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; predictable absorption — a substantive practical advantage over furosemide whose oral absorption is 10-100% variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B47-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; reduced by significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EFA-QINU`"'
~80-100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~80-100% with food at 15-20 mg doses (10 mg dose: ~80% without food); '''must be taken with food''' at therapeutic doses'"`UNIQ--ref-00000514-QINU`"'
~80-95% (oral; more reliable than furosemide, comparable to torsemide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE4-QINU`"'
~80-99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000868-QINU`"'
~82%
~82% SC
~85-90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000955-QINU`"'
~85-98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A6-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000766-QINU`"'
~89% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~90% (low first-pass)
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DFF-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001140-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001443-QINU`"'
~90% (oral, low first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; food increases absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A4-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; not affected by food but reduced by divalent cations)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D83-QINU`"'
~93% (oral); ~90% (rectal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~93% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000149E-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral; reduced by dairy, antacids, iron via divalent-cation chelation, though less than for tetracycline itself)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047E-QINU`"'
~96% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD2-QINU`"'
~96% after red blood cell hydrolytic cleavage releases dextroamphetamine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~99% (caffeine)
~99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~99% (oral; matched 1:1 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF6-QINU`"'
≥90% (linear pharmacokinetics, distinguishing it favorably from gabapentin's saturable LAT-1 absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
Search
pregnancy:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
Category C
·
Limited data; avoid
·
Limited data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited human data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data
·
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"'
·
Category B
·
Chronic third-trimester exposure produces neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and respiratory depression at delivery.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe (minimal systemic absorption).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data; switch to insulin where feasible.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data; weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Avoid in second and third trimesters; fetal SGLT2 inhibition disrupts kidney development.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Avoid where possible; class concerns as for other loop diuretics.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe due to minimal systemic absorption.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe; minimal systemic exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Other values:
'''Among the least preferred SSRIs in pregnancy.''' Observational signal for cardiac malformations (atrial and ventricular septal defects) with first-trimester exposure, and the most severe neonatal adaptation syndrome of any SSRI with third-trimester exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002D-QINU`"'
'''Among the safest antihypertensives in pregnancy''', recommended for chronic hypertension during pregnancy and first-line for severe hypertension in preeclampsia and eclampsia'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
'''Among the safest mood stabilizers in pregnancy''' with reassuring monotherapy registry data, in sharp contrast to valproate. Estrogen-containing contraceptives accelerate lamotrigine metabolism, requiring dose adjustments at start and stop of contraception'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
'''Avoid at term (38-42 weeks) and during labor''' (risk of neonatal hemolytic anemia, especially with G6PD deficiency); generally safe in earlier pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern); use only when benefit clearly outweighs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Considered one of the safest anticonvulsants in pregnancy''', with reassuring monotherapy registry data comparable to lamotrigine and in sharp contrast to valproate, topiramate, and carbamazepine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated for migraine prophylaxis in pregnancy; high teratogenic risk''' (neural tube defects, craniofacial anomalies, cardiac defects, cognitive/IQ impairment); avoid in women of childbearing potential without reliable contraception when alternatives exist'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097E-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (Category X); abortifacient and teratogenic. Discontinuation 3-6 months before conception is standard.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BE-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CF-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056E-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000844-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AF0-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A24-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B86-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C34-QINU`"'
'''Documented fetal growth restriction with chronic exposure'''; avoid in pregnancy if alternative β-blockers are appropriate. The β-blocker most consistently associated with intrauterine growth concerns'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
'''Pregnant individuals should not handle crushed/broken tablets''' (skin absorption risk); can cause hypospadias in male fetus. Not used in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Pregnant individuals should not handle dutasteride capsules''' (skin absorption risk through intact capsule); can cause hypospadias in male fetus.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Substantial teratogenic risk''' including cleft lip/palate, hypospadias, and growth restriction (pregnancy registry data clear); effective contraception and pre-pregnancy counseling are required in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
'''Substantial teratogenic risk''' including neural tube defects, craniofacial malformations, cardiac defects, and growth restriction; folic acid supplementation and effective contraception are required in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
Aminoglycoside-class ototoxicity in fetal cochlea is documented; use only when alternatives have failed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid after 20 weeks (NSAID-class FDA 2020 advisory on fetal renal injury and oligohydramnios with second/third-trimester use).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid after 20 weeks (NSAID-class FDA 2020 advisory).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning; contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure, which is paradoxically the basis of the neonatal PDA-closure indication)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning; contraindicated from 30 weeks. Specifically contraindicated in labor and delivery due to inhibition of uterine contractions'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
Avoid in pregnancy; antiandrogen effects can feminize a male fetus.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid in pregnancy; switch to LMWH. Crosses placenta; warfarin-class concerns about fetal hemorrhage and teratogenicity make heparins the preferred class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid where possible; can reduce uteroplacental perfusion and produce neonatal electrolyte disturbance. Reserved for compelling indications.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case.
Avoid. Discontinue at least 1 month before planned pregnancy. Animal data show embryofetal harm.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue before planned pregnancy.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000EF-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue before planned pregnancy.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018C-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue ≥1 month pre-conception. May reduce oral contraceptive efficacy during titration.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000304-QINU`"'
Avoid; NSAID-class restriction after 20 weeks (FDA 2020) and limited triptan pregnancy data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; aspirin teratogenicity concerns plus opioid neonatal withdrawal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; may cause fetal harm
Avoid; neonatal opioid withdrawal documented.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated.
Avoid; switch to insulin. Hypoglycemia in newborn reported.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; switch to insulin. Neonatal hypoglycemia reported.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoided where possible; same class concerns as HCTZ.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoided; barbiturate + aspirin teratogenicity and bleeding concerns.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Category C (buprenorphine-only formulations preferred in pregnancy)
Category C (not relevant; not used in women)
Category C (per Desoxyn label)
Category C; limited data
Category C'"`UNIQ--ref-00000045-QINU`"'
Category C'"`UNIQ--ref-0000008F-QINU`"'
Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"'
Category X, contraindicated; teratogenic (virilization of female fetus)
Contraindicated in known pregnancy (Aygestin); the 0.35 mg POP is not teratogenic and does not need to be discontinued before conception planning.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in known pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (FDA label).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (only used in postmenopausal women); D class historically.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (use is not appropriate during gestation; class label X). Lactation considerations vary by indication.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Discontinued/withdrawn
Extensive use experience in obstetric anesthesia; broadly considered safe'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
First-line in pregnancy; dose typically increased 25-30% due to estrogen-driven rise in TBG and fetal demand. Lactation safe at physiologic doses.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; barbiturate exposure in late pregnancy can produce neonatal withdrawal and respiratory depression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; fetal goiter/hypothyroidism risk (iodine load). Used only for life-threatening arrhythmia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; not first-line.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable for short-term use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe (minimal systemic exposure).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe after the first trimester; first-trimester use weighed against indication.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe at standard doses; benefits typically outweigh in active IBD.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe in pregnancy (no systemic absorption).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; commonly used in pregnancy when macrolide indicated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; commonly used in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; loratadine and cetirizine have more pregnancy data and are typically preferred.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; pregnancy registries do not show increased major malformation risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in PCOS and gestational diabetes; placental transfer occurs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in obstetric reflux.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Cetirizine and loratadine remain the more-studied alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Cleared in lactation at low levels.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Levocetirizine (the R-enantiomer) is an alternative with similar safety.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Loratadine and cetirizine are the most-recommended 2nd-gen H1s in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally safe at replacement doses; treat the underlying cause of hypokalemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally used when influenza treatment is indicated; pregnancy is a recognized risk factor for severe influenza.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
IV sulfate is the cornerstone of eclampsia/preeclampsia management; oral replacement also safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Inhaled and intranasal generally considered safe; widely used in asthma in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; aspart is widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; degludec has reassuring observational data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; glargine has reassuring observational data, though NPH and detemir remain the traditional choices.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; lispro is widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Intranasal long considered acceptable; widely used in obstetric rhinitis.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Investigational
Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed)
Limited data; LABA/LAMA strategies in pregnancy generally favor agents with the most reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; National Pregnancy Registry available
Limited data; National Pregnancy Registry for Atypical Antipsychotics
Limited data; alternative antihypertensives generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; avoid in pregnancy. Lactation: present in milk; consider risks
Limited data; case series and registries suggest no major teratogenicity but other antihypertensives (labetalol, nifedipine) are typically preferred.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; fluoxetine has reassuring data but olanzapine carries metabolic-syndrome and gestational diabetes signals.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided in pregnancy for the cosmetic indication of onychomycosis.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided particularly in combination with statin.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided unless triglyceride pancreatitis risk is high.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; labetalol/nifedipine generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; minimal systemic absorption likely renders fetal risk low.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; not first-line in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; pitolisant may reduce hormonal contraceptive efficacy
Limited data; pregnancy exposure registry available
Limited data; quinidine has been used in pregnancy as antiarrhythmic.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; rarely indicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; risk-benefit case by case; pregnancy is not a strict contraindication in WHO mass drug administration programs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; second-line to intranasal corticosteroids or PO loratadine/cetirizine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh against alternatives (aspirin) where feasible.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh against alternatives, though systemic exposure is low.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh benefits/risks
Limited human data. Animal studies show fetal effects at maternally toxic doses; use only if benefits justify the potential risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; animal reproductive studies not conducted<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; case reports of neonatal sedation with late-pregnancy exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; endogenous hormone, but supplemental pharmacological doses are not well characterized in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; observational signals inconclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience and no clear teratogenic signal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience; some signal for first-trimester exposure but not conclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; pregnancy registry data have been broadly reassuring across the triptan class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; pregnancy registry data have been broadly reassuring relative to baseline malformation rates.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; rarely indicated in pregnancy given the patient population.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; rarely indicated in pregnancy given the typical patient population.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; signal for neonatal extrapyramidal symptoms and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some animal cardiac signal not clearly replicated in human cohort studies; observational signals inconclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some observational signals reassuring relative to other antidepressants.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some signal for cardiac malformations and developmental delay but confounded by maternal disease and polytherapy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some signal for cleft palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; the amphetamine class is associated with intrauterine growth restriction and neonatal withdrawal symptoms.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; β-blocker class effects include fetal growth restriction and neonatal bradycardia/hypoglycemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited safety data; weigh benefit individually.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited use in pregnancy; chronic third-trimester opioid exposure produces neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and respiratory depression at delivery.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long the preferred ICS in pregnancy (Pulmicort) due to the most pregnancy data among the class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long the preferred analgesic-antipyretic in pregnancy; recent observational studies have raised speculative neurodevelopmental signals that remain under investigation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long-considered safe in pregnancy for lupus and other rheumatologic indications; benefits typically outweigh.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long-term skeletal retention is a concern given the unknown effect on developing fetal bone; generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Low-dose (81 mg) safe and indicated for preeclampsia prophylaxis after 12 weeks in high-risk patients per USPSTF; high-dose aspirin avoid third trimester due to premature ductus arteriosus closure and bleeding risk
Medicine is structurally identical to endogenous allopregnanolone; pregnancy considerations relate to breastfeeding during/after infusion. Limited data; brief interruption of breastfeeding considered
Not absorbed; generally considered acceptable when bowel prep is required<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Not applicable (male indication); historical Category B if used in unrelated female cases.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Not established
Not indicated; pregnancy effects unknown
Not relevant (geriatric problem)
Not studied in human pregnancy; no approved clinical use in any population
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with late-pregnancy exposure (SNRI class effect).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with late-pregnancy exposure; weigh against the risks of untreated maternal depression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with third-trimester exposure (SSRI class effect).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (small absolute risk) and neonatal adaptation syndrome with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience but limited controlled data; case reports of neonatal sedation and transient hypertension with maternal use near term.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience, including in hyperemesis gravidarum; broadly reassuring observational data'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
Older agent with substantial use experience; broadly considered safe in pregnancy'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Older agent with substantial use experience; observational signals not clearly causal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience; observational signals reassuring for first-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
One of the better-studied basal insulin analogs in pregnancy; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
One of the historically preferred IV agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy alongside labetalol and nifedipine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Oral nifedipine is one of the preferred agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy and for tocolysis in preterm labor.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Penicillin G is the only fully effective syphilis treatment in pregnancy; penicillin-allergic pregnant patients require desensitization.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Pharmacologic doses generally avoided in pregnancy; vitamin doses fine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Preferred SABA in pregnancy; benefits of asthma control outweigh limited risks.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Limited reproductive data with small observational signal for cardiac malformations; risk-benefit decision, with many patients deferring ADHD treatment during pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full discussion.
Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Quetiapine has reassuring active-comparator cohort data without consistent teratogenic signal; among the preferred neuroleptics when treatment is clinically necessary in pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full citation set.
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021. Use individualized.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021. Use individualized; lactation generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routine antacid and acidosis correction acceptable
Routinely supplemented in pregnancy and preconception to prevent neural tube defects.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely supplemented in pregnancy; needs higher in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely used; iron requirements rise substantially in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement and supplement doses.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement doses; deficiency is itself a risk in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement doses; high-dose use generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at routine doses; routinely supplemented in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at routine fluoride levels.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Signal for gestational diabetes and metabolic syndrome with maternal exposure; the metabolic load can be substantial during pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Signal for neonatal extrapyramidal symptoms and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some controversial signal for first-trimester gastroschisis association in observational studies; limited use is generally considered acceptable after the first trimester.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for cleft lip/palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for cleft palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for major congenital malformations; limited human data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Standard fluid and electrolyte management
Standard resuscitation fluid in pregnancy
Substantial teratogenic signal (barbiturate class effects including neonatal withdrawal and hemorrhagic disease of newborn).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Synthetic levothyroxine is the standard-of-care in pregnancy; desiccated thyroid use in pregnancy is not well studied<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
T4 (levothyroxine) is the first-line in pregnancy; T3 is rarely needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
TCA class signal; limited human data specific to doxepin.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
TCA class signal; limited human data specific to nortriptyline.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Teratogenic signal less than carbamazepine but present; folate supplementation and effective contraception are appropriate in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
Topical and vaginal generally considered safe; widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical corticosteroids in pregnancy: use lowest potency and smallest area; super-potent agents like clobetasol are reserved for compelling indications.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical generally safe; oral avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical/intranasal generally low-risk; intra-articular and high-dose injection: weigh risk individually.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical: avoid; systemic: contraindicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use in fetal SVT (transplacental antiarrhythmic therapy) is established; otherwise weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; small association with oral clefts debated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; small association with oral clefts in first trimester debated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; widely used at physiologic doses for adrenal insufficiency.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in FMF in pregnancy; otherwise weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in antenatal lung maturation (24-34 weeks gestation; 6 mg IM q12h × 4 doses); broader use weighs benefits against fetal HPA suppression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in life-threatening obstetric anaphylaxis without hesitation; benefits clearly outweigh.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in obstetric emergencies (uterine relaxation, severe hypertension) when needed; otherwise limited routine use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in transplant pregnancy when continued immunosuppression is required; reassuring data overall but careful monitoring needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used when benefits outweigh risk; oral cleft signal in first-trimester exposure is debated and small in absolute terms.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used when needed for hypoparathyroidism or renal osteodystrophy in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used for hyperemesis gravidarum; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in obstetric reflux; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy for HSV/VZV indications; reassuring registry data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy when antiviral indicated; reassuring registry data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy; meta-analyses do not show increased malformation risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
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