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Choose a table:
Medicines (732)
Medicines
> fda max:
3000 mg/day
&
bioavailability:
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
Levetiracetam (1)
brand:
Keppra (IR), Keppra XR, Spritam (3D-printed orally disintegrating), Roweepra (1)
classes:
[[:Category:Anticonvulsants|Anticonvulsant]] (1)
·
[[:Category:SV2A ligands|Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) ligand]] (1)
mechanism:
None
(1)
uses:
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
Adult: 500 mg PO BID, titrate by 1000 mg/day every 2 weeks. Pediatric: 10-20 mg/kg/day divided BID, weight-titrated (1)
preparations:
IR tablets 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg; XR tablets 500, 750 mg; oral solution 100 mg/mL; injection 100 mg/mL; Spritam ODT 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg (1)
fda max:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
Indication-specific
·
40 mg/d
·
10 mg/d
·
20 mg/d
·
80 mg/d
·
10 mg/d (adults)
·
100 mg/d
·
4 g/d
·
400 mg/d
·
40 mg/d typical; up to 240 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison
·
5 mg/d
·
50 mg/d
·
600 mg/d
·
No fixed ceiling; titrate to clinical effect and tolerability with CDC opioid prescribing guidance constraints on morphine-milligram-equivalent (MME) totals
·
No fixed maximum; titrated to TSH target
·
TID per eye
·
Titrated to glucose; no fixed ceiling
·
Titrated to glucose; no fixed maximum
·
'''20 mg/day in adults >60 years''' per FDA's 2011-2012 QT-prolongation warning; 40 mg/day in adults ≤60
Other values:
'''4.5 mg/kg (without epinephrine), 7 mg/kg (with epinephrine)''' for infiltration; serum level monitoring required for prolonged IV antiarrhythmic use
0.5 mg/d
0.8 mg/d (rarely needed)
1 capsule BID (40 mg DXM / 20 mg quinidine per day)
1 drop per eye q8-12h
1 drop/eye/day (more frequent dosing reduces efficacy)
1 g/d (oral); 6 g/d (IV)
1 mg/d
1 mg/d typical Rx; higher in specific indications
1.8 mg in any 1-hour period (acute gout); 1.2 mg/d (prophylaxis with renal/hepatic impairment); much lower with strong CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibitors
1.8 mg/day SC (Victoza, T2DM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000185-QINU`"' · 3.0 mg/day SC (Saxenda, obesity)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000186-QINU`"'
10 mg BID for the first 7 days of acute VTE; otherwise 5 mg BID
10 mg per 24 h
10 mg/d (5 mg if severe renal or moderate hepatic impairment, or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors)
10 mg/day (IR); 12.5 mg/day (CR)
10 mg/day (anxiety, oral)
10 mg/kg q2w
10 µg twice daily (Byetta)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000E7-QINU`"' · 2 mg once weekly (Bydureon BCise)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000E8-QINU`"'
100 mcg/d typical
100 mg/d (ED); 20 mg TID (PAH)
100 mg/d (rarely used)
100 mg/day (adult)
100 mg/day (adult); 1.4 mg/kg/day or 100 mg total (pediatric, whichever lower)
100 mg/day (vertigo)
100-200 mg/day depending on indication
1000 mg/d (osteoarthritis); 1200 mg/d (rheumatoid arthritis)
12 inhalations/d (rescue); higher for severe exacerbation under monitoring
12 puffs MDI/d typical; nebulized 2000 mcg/d
120 mg/d (ER); IR not for chronic hypertension
120 mg/day (IV/IM); 40 mg/day (oral); '''5-day maximum total combined therapy''' to mitigate the GI bleeding, AKI, and platelet dysfunction risks
1200 mg/day (adult seizures); 1600 mg/day (bipolar mania)
140 mg/month
1400 mg q4w
15 mg/day (oral); 30 mg IV once daily (Anjeso)
15 mg/wk SC'"`UNIQ--ref-000002FE-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000002FF-QINU`"'
150 mg/d
150 mg/d (treatment)
150 mg/day (oral); use lowest effective dose for shortest duration per FDA NSAID class guidance
150 mg/day; therapeutic plasma-level monitoring recommended (target 50-150 ng/mL window)
1500 mg/day (Rx); 660 mg/24h (OTC, without provider direction)
16 mg/d (8 mg/d OTC)
16 mg/d (IR); 8 mg/d (XL)
16 mg/day (schizophrenia, adult); 6 mg/day (bipolar maintenance, autism irritability)
160 mg/d (Zollinger-Ellison); 80 mg/d for routine indications
160 mg/d (rarely tolerated due to anticholinergic effects)
1600 mg/day (theoretical seizure dosing); practical use 400 mg/day for seizures, 100-200 mg/day for migraine prophylaxis
18 mg olanzapine / 75 mg fluoxetine per day
180 mg/d (adults)
195 units/treatment for chronic migraine; max varies by problem
2 g/d (Niaspan); higher off-label use historical
2 g/d typical
2 g/day (seizures); typically much lower for essential tremor
2 mg/wk SC (Ozempic)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024B-QINU`"' · 2.4 mg/wk SC (Wegovy)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024C-QINU`"' · 14 mg PO daily (Rybelsus)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024D-QINU`"'
2 sprays/nostril BID
2 tablets per 24 hours; ≤4 days per month to avoid medicine-overuse headache
2 tablets/day (dextromethorphan 90 mg / bupropion 210 mg)
2.4 g/d
2.4 mg/day (HTN, IR); 0.4 mg/day (ADHD, Kapvay)
20 mg/d (ED, PRN); 5 mg/d (daily / BPH); 40 mg/d (PAH)
20 mg/d (hypertension); 10 mg/d (other indications typical)
20 mg/day (IR); 28 mg/day (XR)
20 mg/day (adult); 10 mg/day in elderly and in hepatic impairment
20 mg/day (oral)
20 mg/day (seizures); commonly limited to 4 mg/day for anxiety in current practice
200 mg/d
200 mg/d (100 mg/d if on CYP3A4 inhibitors)
200 mg/d typical practical ceiling
200 mg/day (oral); 12 mg/day (SC); 40 mg/day (nasal spray); 44 mg/day (Onzetra)
200 mg/day (typical adult oral)
2000 mg/d
225 mg/day outpatient (XR); 375 mg/day inpatient (IR divided TID); 75 mg/day in moderate hepatic impairment
23 mg/day
24 mg/day (Parkinson disease); 4 mg/day (restless legs syndrome)
24/6 mg/d (most labels)
240 mg loading + 120 mg/month for migraine; 300 mg/month for cluster
240 mg/d (mononitrate ER); 160 mg/d (dinitrate)
240 mg/day
2400 mg/day (adult)
2400 mg/day (oral); 300 mg total per IV bolus dosing series
25 mg/d
25 mg/day (ADHD per Desoxyn label); 15 mg/day (obesity, short-term, per Desoxyn label)
250 mg/d
2550 mg/d (IR); 2000 mg/d (ER)
28/10 mg/d
290 mcg/d
3 g/d (zoster)
3 g/d typical; higher in severe infections under specialist guidance
30 mg/24 hours
30 mg/d (XL) typical
30 mg/d (acute VTE first 21 days as 15 mg BID); otherwise 20 mg/d
30 mg/d for short-term use
30 mg/day (IR or ER)
30 mg/day (adult schizophrenia); 15 mg/day (MDD adjunct)
300 mg/d
300 mg/d typical practical limit (toxicity rises sharply above)
300 mg/day (IR or CR)
300 mg/day (depression, hospitalized); 150 mg/day outpatient; 6 mg/day for insomnia
300 mg/day (historical hospitalized inpatient depression); 150 mg/day outpatient typical ceiling
300 mg/day (oral)
300 mg/quarter
3000 mg/day
32 mg naltrexone / 360 mg bupropion per day
32 mg/day adult; weight-based pediatric ceiling
320 mg/d (hypertension); 320 mg/d (HF)
3200 mg/day (Rx); 1200 mg/day (OTC, without provider direction)
34 mg/d
35.6 mg/d
36 mg/day in three divided doses; single dose maximum 16 mg
360 mg/day
3600 mg/day; off-label doses higher are common but bioavailability saturates well below this
37.5 mg/d
4 L per procedure (standard-volume products)
4 g/d (rarely tolerated due to GI effects)
4 g/d in healthy adults; 3 g/d conservative limit; 2 g/d in cirrhosis or chronic alcohol use
4 g/d typical
4 mg/d (schizophrenia); 3 mg/d (AD agitation); 3 mg/d (MDD adjunct)
4% topical; limit duration of use
4.5 mg/day (Parkinson disease); 0.5 mg/day (restless legs syndrome)
4.5 mg/wk SC'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"'
4.8 g/d (IV severe infection)
40 mg every week (selected indications); otherwise 40 mg every other week
40 mg/d (IR; doses >15 mg given as divided BID); 20 mg/d (XL)
40 mg/d (rarely needed; 40 mg restricted to patients not at goal on 20 mg)
40 mg/d standard; 80 mg/d restricted to patients tolerating 80 mg for ≥12 months without myopathy (post-SEARCH 2011 FDA restriction)
40 mg/d typical; up to 360 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison
40 mg/day (oral, anxiety)
400 mg/d (acute primary aldosteronism diagnosis); 100-200 mg/d typical chronic
400 mg/d (pediatric); 600 mg/d (adult)
400 mg/d (rarely used)
400 mg/d typical maintenance; weight-adjusted ceiling per ophthalmology guidance
400 mg/day (IR, adult); 300 mg/day (ER); 300 mg/day in elderly >75 years
400 mg/day (bipolar monotherapy); 700 mg/day (epilepsy with enzyme-inducing comedication)
400 mg/day (though clinical trials and FDA label note that doses above 200 mg/day have not demonstrated additional benefit in controlled studies for the approved indications; 200 mg is the standard therapeutic dose).'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004B-QINU`"'
400 mg/day for chronic indications; higher for short-term acute pain
400 mg/day outpatient; 600 mg/day inpatient
400 mg/day theoretical; in practice rarely exceeds 200 mg/day
4000 mg/day (analgesic)
42 mg/d
420 mg/month
45 mg/d
45 mg/day
450 mg/day; doses above this raise seizure risk steeply
5 mg/d (adults)
50 g/week (cream/ointment); 2-week continuous limit; 4-week maximum cumulative
50 mg BID in heart failure (or once-daily equivalent CR); 25 mg BID in hypertension
50 mg/d (hypertension); up to 200 mg/d (edema)
50 mg/d × 14 d
50 mg/day (IR); 62.5 mg/day (CR); 60 mg/day (OCD)
50 mg/day (no efficacy benefit shown for higher doses despite the 100 mg strength being available)
50 mg/day oral; 380 mg/4 weeks IM (Vivitrol); 32 mg + 360 mg naltrexone/bupropion daily (Contrave maximum after titration)
500 mg/d (typical regimen); single 2 g for Zmax; 2 g for select STIs
6 capsules/d (300 mg butalbital, 1950 mg acetaminophen, 240 mg caffeine)
6 capsules/d (300 mg butalbital, 1950 mg aspirin, 240 mg caffeine)
6 mg/d (psychosis/mania); 3 mg/d (depression adjunct)
60 mg/d typical
60 mg/day
60 mg/day (oral, hypertension); 0.5% BID (ophthalmic)
60 mg/kg/d (typically up to 3000 mg/d)
600 mg/d typical practical ceiling in heart failure
600 mg/day (seizures); 450 mg/day (fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain)
640 mg/d (HTN); 240 mg/d (migraine)
675 mg/quarter
7 mg/day in children and adolescents; weight-based ceiling (~0.12 mg/kg/day) applies in smaller patients
70 mg/day
70 mg/week treatment; 40 mg/d for 6 months in Paget's
75 mg per dose; one dose per 24 hours (acute); one dose every other day (preventive)
75 mg/d maintenance (loading doses are single events)
750 mg/d
8 g/day (oral, short-term load); 6 g/day (chronic)
8 mg/d
8 tablets/d (300 mg tramadol / 2600 mg acetaminophen); 5-day duration limit per label
80 mg/d (40 mg/d if combined with diltiazem, verapamil, danazol; lower limits with various interactions)
80 mg/day oral (higher off-label)
800 mg/d
800 mg/d (rarely needed)
800 mg/d (severe invasive disease)
800 mg/day
84 mg per session
9 g/night
90 mg BID (acute year); 60 mg BID (chronic post-MI)
900 mg/day (split into BID or TID dosing). Clinical practice rarely exceeds 600 mg/day; seizure risk increases substantially above 600 mg/day and requires consideration of prophylactic anticonvulsant.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004A-QINU`"'
Acetaminophen 4 g/d absolute (3 g/d conservative); oxycodone titrated to effect
Acetaminophen 4 g/d absolute; codeine 240-360 mg/d typical practical limit
Aspirin GI/bleeding-limited; oxycodone titrated to effect
BID topical; once daily nail lacquer
Formulation-dependent
Formulation-specific (e.g., 145 mg/d Tricor, 200 mg/d Lipofen)
Formulation-specific; ~4.8 g/d typical maximum oral
ICS 880 mcg/d (asthma); intranasal 200 mcg/d
ICS ~1280 mcg/d; intranasal 256 mcg/d; Entocort 9 mg/d standard
IV peripheral 10 mEq/h (40 mEq/L); IV central 20 mEq/h with cardiac monitoring; PO single doses generally ≤40 mEq
IV: monitored by levels (trough <1 mg/L for extended-interval; <2 mg/L for traditional)
Indication-dependent; 200-400 mg/d oral typical
Indication-specific; ACLS no fixed cumulative ceiling
Indication-specific; HE may require high-volume dosing
Indication-specific; bowel prep regimens reach 4 L cumulative
Indication-specific; high-dose IV regimens for encephalitis or disseminated disease
Indication-specific; lowest effective dose for shortest duration is the WHI-era standard
Indication-specific; renal clearance limits tolerable cumulative dosing
Indication-specific; titrated to effect
Intranasal 200 mcg/d (adults); inhaled 880 mcg/d
Limit to 48 hours of use to avoid hemolysis and methemoglobinemia
Limit topical to 10-day courses to reduce resistance pressure
MOUD: typical effective max 24 mg/day sublingual (doses above offer limited additional mu-occupancy due to ceiling). Pain (Belbuca): 900 mcg every 12 hours.
N/A (never approved)
N/A (no current medical indication)
No fixed maximum; cumulative-dose toxicity drives all chronic decisions
No fixed maximum; titrated to INR target
No fixed maximum; titrated to clinical endpoints
No fixed maximum; titrated to pH and bicarbonate level; chronic high oral doses cause metabolic alkalosis and volume overload
No fixed maximum; titrated; sodium correction rate in chronic hyponatremia must not exceed 8-10 mEq/L per 24 hours to avoid osmotic demyelination
No formal hard ceiling; in MOUD maintenance, doses typically remain at or below 120 mg/day with higher doses reserved for documented under-treatment after careful clinical assessment
No strict ceiling for water-soluble vitamin; UL not set
No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity
No strict; Institute of Medicine UL 4,000 IU/d in adults for chronic use
Not FDA-approved; clinical-trial protocols use up to 30 mg in adult investigational dosing
Not formally established (dietary supplement); doses above ~3-5 mg show no additional efficacy but increase next-day sedation risk
Not strictly fixed; long-term Upper Limit ~4,000 IU/d in adults (Institute of Medicine)
Not yet approved
Once daily (Pataday 0.7%); BID (other ophthalmic)
One dose per day
One drop per eye per day
Oral maintenance 400 mg/d typical; higher in refractory cases
Per formulation
Rheumatologic ~25 mg/week; oncology indication-specific
Single 200-400 mcg/kg per dose for systemic indications
Single 60-hour course
Single doses ≤16 mg (FDA 2012 advisory withdrew the 32 mg single IV dose for QT-prolongation risk); 24-32 mg/d divided
Titrated to glucose
Titrated; risk of hypercalcemia is the limiting factor
Topical: BID; troche: 5×/day
Topical: nightly; oral APL: 45 mg/m²/d
Topical: nightly; systemic: regimen-specific
Topical: per formulation; oral supplement age-dependent
Topical: regimen-specific; oral: 400 mg/d in remaining specialty indications
Transplant: regimen-specific
UL 1000 mg (~1500 IU natural)/d in adults; routinely exceeded in older AREDS-1 trials
UL 2000 mg/d in adults
Withdrawn 2024
XR = 40 or 60 mg/d; IR = 40 or 60 mg/d'"`UNIQ--ref-00000567-QINU`"'
~10 mg/d typical
~1500 mg/d (oral); 1200 mg/d (IV)
~200 mg elemental iron/d typical practical limit
~200 mg/d for most indications; higher doses for severe infections
~2500 mg elemental/d combined diet + supplements (chronic; UL)
~4 g/d (severe systemic infection)
~480 mg/d (oral) for cardiovascular indications; higher off-label for cluster
~480 mg/d (oral); IV per protocol
~500 mg/d typical
Search
routes:
intravenous (1)
·
Oral (1)
onset:
Anticonvulsant effect within days at therapeutic plasma level; rapid titration possible (1)
duration:
BID dosing (IR); once-daily (XR) (1)
halflife:
6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"' (1)
bioavailability:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
100% (IV)
·
~100% from subcutaneous depot
·
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
·
70–90% (oral)
·
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
·
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
·
~95%
·
'''Saturable''' via the LAT-1 amino-acid transporter, producing nonlinear pharmacokinetics: ~60% at 300 mg single dose, falling to ~35% at 1200 mg single dose'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
·
10-20% (oral; reduced by food, calcium, antacids, PPIs, tea/coffee; enhanced by ascorbate)
·
100% (IV); essentially complete (oral)
·
100% (IV); rapidly neutralized by gastric acid (oral)
·
16-21% capsule, 25% suspension (oral; iron and antacids reduce absorption substantially)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E5-QINU`"'
·
25 mg: ~29%; 50 mg: ~35%; food reduces absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C4F-QINU`"'
·
30-40% (oral; increases with repeated dosing as gastric pH rises)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DF-QINU`"'
·
40-45% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025C-QINU`"'
·
40-80% (oral); reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs, fiber; take fasting with water'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
·
42-58% (oral; dose-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEF-QINU`"'
·
50-60% (oral; decreased with food, but food given anyway for GI tolerance)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
·
60-70% PO at low doses; saturable at high doses (parenteral routes preferred above 15-25 mg/week)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007C9-QINU`"'
Other values:
60-80% (oral)
60-80% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000843-QINU`"'
64-90% (oral; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000079-QINU`"'
65-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013F-QINU`"'
70-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007ED-QINU`"'
70-80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A4-QINU`"'
75-90% (oral; minimally affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001A2-QINU`"'
80-90% oral
90% (oral; food delays but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F3-QINU`"'
<0.1% systemic absorption (PEG 3350 is too large to absorb intact)
<1% (oral; further reduced by food, calcium, iron, antacids; hence the strict fasting/upright dosing rules)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006C4-QINU`"'
<1% oral (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ~30% inhaled lung deposition'"`UNIQ--ref-000001DE-QINU`"'
<3% systemic absorption (the basis of the safety and mechanism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F5E-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; food enhances absorption of IR, hence the evening-meal dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000808-QINU`"'
<5% (extensive hepatic first-pass; statin pharmacology is hepatocellular, not systemic)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000017B-QINU`"'
<5% systemic absorption (this is the safety basis)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DC3-QINU`"'
>90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; food slows absorption and reduces peaks, hence the post-meal dosing rule)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001BD-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not affected by food or gastric pH — a major practical advantage over itraconazole)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A48-QINU`"'
>90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001120-QINU`"'
Absolute bioavailability not precisely characterized; food modestly increases exposure
Acid-labile; not effective orally (oral form available outside US as penicillin G salts but penicillin V is preferred for oral use)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000141A-QINU`"'
Adequate (food-dependent, must take with fatty meal)
Adequate oral bioavailability
Adequate oral bioavailability with extended-release formulation
Approximately 50-60% (oral; subject to first-pass metabolism); food does not significantly affect absorption.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004C-QINU`"'
Approximately 80% (well-absorbed orally; not significantly affected by food, though food may delay Tmax by ~1 hour).'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004D-QINU`"'
Buprenorphine ~30% SL; naloxone <10% SL (intentional, inactive sublingually, matters only if injected)
Butalbital well-absorbed; aspirin 50-75%; caffeine ~100%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B8-QINU`"'
Butalbital well-absorbed; caffeine ~100%; acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015A0-QINU`"'
Carbonate ~30-40% (best with food and acid); citrate ~24% (absorbable without acid; preferred in achlorhydria, PPI use, post-bariatric)
Codeine ~60% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001518-QINU`"'
Essentially zero systemic absorption from oral or topical routes — the topical-action-only profile is the basis of its safety'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D18-QINU`"'
High (oral)
High (oral); not significantly affected by food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000397-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB5-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001051-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001165-QINU`"'
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000012A0-QINU`"'
High (oral; absorption not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000825-QINU`"'
High (oral; food enhances)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001039-QINU`"'
High (oral; food prolongs absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000622-QINU`"'
High (oral; not affected by food, but typically given with the morning meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027D-QINU`"'
High (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B65-QINU`"'
High with fat-containing meal; reduced in malabsorption
Highly formulation-dependent; the goal is colonic delivery with minimal systemic exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBF-QINU`"'
Highly route-dependent: SL bypasses first-pass; oral has extensive first-pass (used only for chronic ER preparations); transdermal predictable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C10-QINU`"'
Highly salt-dependent: citrate ~25-30%; oxide ~4% (limited and causes osmotic diarrhea); chloride ~12%
Highly variable due to saturable first-pass metabolism'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002C-QINU`"'
IM/SC ~100%; oral negligible (extensive first-pass and gut metabolism — hence the no-oral route)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E53-QINU`"'
IV/IM ~100%; inhaled: minimal systemic; oral: negligible (not used orally for systemic infection)'"`UNIQ--ref-000010B4-QINU`"'
Improved with food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"'
Increased substantially via CYP2D6 inhibition'"`UNIQ--ref-00001584-QINU`"'
Increased with food (varies by formulation; the micronized and nanocrystal forms are less food-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004AE-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition with minimal systemic absorption (the basis of the favorable safety profile vs systemic antimuscarinics)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7C-QINU`"'
Inhaled lung deposition ~20%; systemic absorption from lung ~33%; oral component negligible'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C1-QINU`"'
Intranasal ~40% systemic; ophthalmic minimal'"`UNIQ--ref-000013B7-QINU`"'
Intranasal: <1% systemic; inhaled lung deposition with extensive first-pass clearance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F9D-QINU`"'
Limited but adequate; take with food
Local (intramuscular)
Local action; minimal systemic effect
Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"'
Mononitrate ~100% (no first-pass; the principal advantage over dinitrate); dinitrate ~20%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001462-QINU`"'
Naltrexone ~5% (oral, extensive first-pass to 6β-naltrexol); bupropion ER ~87%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001569-QINU`"'
Negligible (not absorbed)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000058-QINU`"'
Negligible systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119D-QINU`"'
Not characterized; oral dosing once daily
Not formally characterized for the combination
Not formally characterized in humans.
Not formally established
Not formally established (high SC)
Not formally established; oral once-daily adequate
Not well characterized
Not well characterized'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
Olanzapine 60% (oral); fluoxetine high (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154E-QINU`"'
Oral bioavailability of psilocin from administered psilocybin approximately 50%
Oral bioavailability suitable for daily dosing
Oral non-undecanoate has essentially zero bioavailability (hepatic first-pass)
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100%
Oral ~5% (extensive first-pass to estrone and conjugates); transdermal bypasses first-pass, giving more physiologic estradiol:estrone ratio'"`UNIQ--ref-000003BB-QINU`"'
Oral ~70%; depot IM provides sustained release over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101B-QINU`"'
Oral ~90%; depot IM essentially 100% over the dosing interval'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F21-QINU`"'
Oral: very low (extensive first-pass); micronization improves uptake somewhat. Vaginal: high local effect with lower systemic levels (first-uterine-pass concentration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000727-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 60-87%; aspirin 50-75%'"`UNIQ--ref-000014FB-QINU`"'
Rapid absorption; absolute bioavailability not formally established
Reasonable (not formally established as a percentage)
SC ~47%–65%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
SC ~55%'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018B-QINU`"'
SC ~65%–75%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~80%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
SC ~89%<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> · Oral ~0.4–1% (SNAC-enhanced)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000254-QINU`"'
Sandimmune: highly variable (~30%); Neoral microemulsion: ~50%, less variable; '''Sandimmune and Neoral are NOT bioequivalent and not interchangeable''''"`UNIQ--ref-00000A92-QINU`"'
Substantially improved with high-fat meal; take with food'"`UNIQ--ref-000013D2-QINU`"'
Sumatriptan ~15% (oral; substantial first-pass); naproxen ~95%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D2-QINU`"'
Tablet ~100% relative to oral solution; extensive first-pass metabolism
Topical with limited but measurable systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001219-QINU`"'
Topical with measurable systemic absorption (small CA inhibition observed clinically with chronic use)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B0B-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-000011DA-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-0000123A-QINU`"'
Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001288-QINU`"'
Topical with variable systemic absorption depending on body site, occlusion, and skin integrity; HPA-axis suppression is documented even with brief courses to large areas'"`UNIQ--ref-0000079F-QINU`"'
Topical/intranasal: high local, low systemic; intra-articular: local depot then systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000667-QINU`"'
Topical/oral local action with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001399-QINU`"'
Topical: local effect on enamel; systemic supplementation has high oral bioavailability with skeletal accumulation
Topical: minimal systemic absorption (oral systemic 5-FU not used due to poor and variable absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011BF-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic absorption with normal skin; oral: variable, induced metabolism with repeated dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BA4-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; oral: pH-dependent, requires gastric acid'"`UNIQ--ref-00000889-QINU`"'
Topical: minimal systemic; troche: ~3% systemic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F46-QINU`"'
Topical; clinically meaningful systemic absorption can produce systemic α2 effects (somnolence, hypotension), especially in children'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D2-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000418-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A03-QINU`"'
Topical; minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DA2-QINU`"'
Tramadol ~75% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001531-QINU`"'
Variable (oral; rapidly conjugated to active glucuronide; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000451-QINU`"'
Variable; reduced by food, calcium, iron, PPIs'"`UNIQ--ref-00000037-QINU`"'
~0.3% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the intestinal and blood-brain barriers limit systemic and CNS exposure at therapeutic doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD3-QINU`"'
~10% inhaled reaches systemic circulation; ~50% PO'"`UNIQ--ref-0000009A-QINU`"'
~100% (oral); highly (~90%) protein-bound, with non-linear binding above therapeutic levels (free fraction matters clinically in hypoalbuminemia)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097D-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000706-QINU`"'
~100% (oral, but oral use is limited to continuation from parenteral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; absorption complete)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000126F-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; food delays absorption, hence pre-meal dosing for IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002DA-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; near-complete absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~100% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000493-QINU`"'
~100% both components
~100% from subcutaneous depot (by definition of the route)
~12% (extensive metabolizers); ~96% (poor metabolizers)
~14% (extensive hepatic first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~14% (oral; substantial first-pass); ~97% (subcutaneous); ~17% (nasal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~15% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~17% (oral; food slightly reduces absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D6-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; hydrophilic, minimal CYP metabolism, mostly excreted unchanged in bile)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000FD-QINU`"'
~20% (oral; valacyclovir prodrug raises this to ~55%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000910-QINU`"'
~20-35% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 with R/S enantiomer differences)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6C-QINU`"'
~22–25%
~25% (extensive hepatic first-pass)
~25% (high first-pass)
~25% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
~25% (oral, with extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"'
~25% (oral; food reduces absorption ~40%)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CE-QINU`"'
~25-35% (extensive first-pass), increased by food which slows absorption and reduces orthostatic risk'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~25-40% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~25-50% (oral; substantial first-pass via NAT2 acetylation, phenotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000688-QINU`"'
~26% (oral; prodrug hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases to active olmesartan; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056D-QINU`"'
~28% (oral; food slows but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C33-QINU`"'
~30% (high first-pass)
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117D-QINU`"'
~30% (sublingual; the primary therapeutic route); ~10-20% (oral swallowed, low due to first-pass); ~50% (buccal Belbuca); transdermal Butrans bypasses first-pass.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"'
~30-65% (oral; acid-labile, hence enteric-coated formulations; food affects absorption variably)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3F-QINU`"'
~33%
~33% (extensive first-pass via CYP2C9 and CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BD-QINU`"'
~33% (oral; fruit juices including grapefruit, orange, and apple reduce absorption substantially via OATP1A2 inhibition — distinctive interaction not seen with most other H1s)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCD-QINU`"'
~33-55% (IR); reduced by food'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~35% (oral, extensive first-pass; not used orally for systemic effect); ~100% (IV)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~36% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C93-QINU`"'
~37% (oral, as axetil prodrug; food modestly improves absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FFA-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A23-QINU`"'
~37% (oral; food reduces absorption modestly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003FD-QINU`"'
~38% (oral; non-acidic prodrug improves GI tolerability over many other NSAIDs)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011FA-QINU`"'
~4% (extensive first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40%
~40% (oral); food and formulation substantially alter the absorption profile'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000643-QINU`"'
~40% (oral; food does not significantly affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EB3-QINU`"'
~40-60% (oral, with significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~44%
~45% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C73-QINU`"'
~45% (oral; substantially higher than sumatriptan's ~14%)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000013-QINU`"'
~45%'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~48% intranasal
~5% intranasal
~5-20% (extensive first-pass), highly variable between individuals'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~5-40% (oral, highly variable due to extensive first-pass metabolism; mean ~5-10% for parent naltrexone with the majority of pharmacologic effect coming from 6-beta-naltrexol). IM Vivitrol bypasses first-pass entirely.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"'
~50%
~50% (highly variable)
~50% (oral); systemic absorption from ophthalmic application is clinically meaningful via nasolacrimal drainage'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002C5-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB4-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; highly variable, 10-100%, hence the standard 1:2 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000223-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FC-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; reduced by buffering and enteric coating but onset clinically similar)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
~50% (oral; substantial first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect).
~50% IR (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ER products release-rate-limited'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074E-QINU`"'
~50-60% (oral; food enhances)
~50-60% (oral; substantial first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~53% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~55% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~55% bioavailability of acyclovir after valacyclovir oral (vs ~20% from oral acyclovir directly)'"`UNIQ--ref-000005D7-QINU`"'
~58% (extended-release); ~80% (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~6% IR oral (substantial first-pass to active N-desethyl metabolite, which contributes most of the antimuscarinic adverse effects); transdermal bypasses first-pass and is better tolerated'"`UNIQ--ref-000006E2-QINU`"'
~6-13% inhaled lung deposition; ~10% oral (Entocort EC; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 — this is the basis of the favorable hepatic-targeted local-effect profile in IBD)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A6-QINU`"'
~60%
~60% (oral); ~100% (IM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000379-QINU`"'
~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D5A-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B85-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; phenoxymethyl modification makes it acid-stable, unlike penicillin G which is destroyed by gastric acid)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E77-QINU`"'
~60% (oral; substantially increased with high-fat meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001093-QINU`"'
~60% from subcutaneous depot (reduced by reversible albumin binding via the myristic acid side chain that also extends duration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001375-QINU`"'
~60-87% (oral; high and more consistent than codeine or hydrocodone, making efficacy less CYP2D6-genotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~60-87% oxycodone (high and predictable, less CYP-genotype-dependent than codeine or hydrocodone); 85-98% acetaminophen'"`UNIQ--ref-000014E3-QINU`"'
~60–70% (oral)
~62%
~63% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000532-QINU`"'
~63% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~64% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
~64% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000015F-QINU`"'
~64% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001104-QINU`"'
~64-90% (oral; increases at higher doses and with multi-day dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E9-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000784-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB1-QINU`"'
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013F6-QINU`"'
~67% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B26-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008C5-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; bioavailability and absorption are improved with food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000355-QINU`"'
~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"'
~70-85% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~70-85% (oral, high relative to other opioids)
~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg)
~72% (with food); much lower fasting (~36%)
~72% from SC depot'"`UNIQ--ref-00001480-QINU`"'
~72% oral; ~85% smoked'"`UNIQ--ref-00000066-QINU`"'
~75%
~75% (IR, rises with multi-dose administration due to saturable first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~75% (oral, as the active carboxylate after hepatic esterase activation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E95-QINU`"'
~75% (oral; absorption improved with fat-containing meal)
~75% (oral; fat-soluble, absorption requires intact biliary/lipid digestion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000331-QINU`"'
~75-85% (oral); ~60% (transdermal at steady state)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~75–90% (oral)
~77% (oral; not affected by food or antacids)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011E-QINU`"'
~78% (oral; high-fat meal modestly reduces but is not clinically significant)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000553-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000310-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEC-QINU`"'
~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E2C-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; predictable absorption — a substantive practical advantage over furosemide whose oral absorption is 10-100% variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B47-QINU`"'
~80% (oral; reduced by significant first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EFA-QINU`"'
~80-100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~80-100% with food at 15-20 mg doses (10 mg dose: ~80% without food); '''must be taken with food''' at therapeutic doses'"`UNIQ--ref-00000514-QINU`"'
~80-95% (oral; more reliable than furosemide, comparable to torsemide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE4-QINU`"'
~80-99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000868-QINU`"'
~82%
~82% SC
~85-90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000955-QINU`"'
~85-98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A6-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000766-QINU`"'
~89% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
~90% (low first-pass)
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DFF-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001140-QINU`"'
~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001443-QINU`"'
~90% (oral, low first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; food increases absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A4-QINU`"'
~90% (oral; not affected by food but reduced by divalent cations)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D83-QINU`"'
~93% (oral); ~90% (rectal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
~93% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000149E-QINU`"'
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C4-QINU`"'
~95% (oral; reduced by dairy, antacids, iron via divalent-cation chelation, though less than for tetracycline itself)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047E-QINU`"'
~96% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD2-QINU`"'
~96% after red blood cell hydrolytic cleavage releases dextroamphetamine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~99% (caffeine)
~99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
~99% (oral; matched 1:1 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF6-QINU`"'
≥90% (linear pharmacokinetics, distinguishing it favorably from gabapentin's saturable LAT-1 absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
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pregnancy:
'''Considered one of the safest anticonvulsants in pregnancy''', with reassuring monotherapy registry data comparable to lamotrigine and in sharp contrast to valproate, topiramate, and carbamazepine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1)
legal:
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1)
Error in "where" parameter: the string "--" cannot be used within #cargo_query.
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Drilldown: Medicines
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