Drilldown: Medicines

Atenolol (1) · Chlorthalidone (1) · Clonidine (1) · Doxazosin (1) · Enalapril (and enalaprilat IV) (1) · Hydralazine (1) · Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (1) · Nifedipine (1) · Olmesartan (medoxomil) (1) · Ramipril (1) · Timolol (maleate) (1) · Verapamil (1) · Zolpidem (tartrate) (1)

Altace (1) · Ambien (IR), Ambien CR (biphasic-release), Edluar (sublingual), Intermezzo (low-dose sublingual for middle-of-night awakening), Zolpimist (oral spray) (1) · Apresoline (historical); mostly generic; combination with isosorbide dinitrate marketed as BiDil for self-identified Black patients with HFrEF (1) · Benicar (1) · Calan, Calan SR, Verelan, Verelan PM, Isoptin SR (1) · Cardura, Cardura XL (1) · Kapvay (ER, ADHD), Catapres (IR, antihypertensive), Catapres-TTS (transdermal patch), Duraclon (epidural injection) (1) · Multiple OTC dietary supplement formulations (1) · Procardia, Procardia XL, Adalat CC, Afeditab CR (1) · Tenormin (1) · Thalitone; mostly prescribed generically (1) · Timoptic (ophthalmic), Timoptic-XE (gel-forming once-daily), Istalol (once-daily 0.5%), Betimol; Blocadren (oral, discontinued in many markets); combination eye drops Combigan (with brimonidine), Cosopt (with dorzolamide) (1) · Vasotec, Vasotec IV, Epaned (1)

Research material · Classic Psychedelic · Stimulant · Opioid · Sedative-Hypnotic · Phenethylamine · Tryptamine · Benzodiazepine · Botanical · [[:Category:Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive]] · Dissociative · Anticonvulsant · Antidepressant · Plant Medicine · Analgesic · Antiparkinsonian · Antipsychotic · Empathogen · Neuroleptic · Cathinone

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None · 5-HT2A agonist · GABAA positive allosteric modulator · Monoamine releasing agent · CB1/CB2 agonist · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist · Sodium channel blocker · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor · GABAA potentiator; NMDA antagonist · Phenothiazine D2 antagonist · Potent 5-HT2A agonist · 5-HT1B/1D agonist · LSD analogue; 5-HT2A agonist · Mu-opioid receptor agonist · Muscarinic receptor antagonist · Prodrug of LSD; 5-HT2A agonist · Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator · Irreversible non-selective MAO inhibitor

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'"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001A-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000022-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000023-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000024-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000025-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000056B-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000683-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000684-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000685-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000686-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000747-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000748-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000749-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000074A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000074B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000074C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000780-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000781-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000782-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A66-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A67-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A68-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A69-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A6A-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000AAD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000AAE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000AAF-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000B81-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000B82-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000B83-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C2E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C2F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C30-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C31-QINU`"' (1)

'''5 mg PO at bedtime for women, 5-10 mg for men''' (per FDA's 2013 sex-specific dose reduction for women due to slower clearance). Ambien CR 6.25 mg women / 6.25-12.5 mg men. Intermezzo SL 1.75 mg women / 3.5 mg men (1) · 0.5-3 mg PO 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Some patients respond to micro-doses (0.3 mg) without additional benefit at higher doses. For circadian phase shifting, timing relative to dim-light melatonin onset matters more than absolute dose (1) · 12.5-25 mg PO once daily; titrate to 50 mg (1) · 2.5 mg PO once daily (1.25 mg in CHF or volume depletion); titrate to 5-10 mg/d (1) · 20 mg PO once daily; titrate to 40 mg/d after 2 weeks if needed (1) · 25-50 mg PO once daily; titrate to 100 mg/day (1) · 5-10 mg PO once daily (2.5 mg if on diuretic or in heart failure); titrate to 10-20 mg BID for HFrEF (1) · ADHD (Kapvay ER): 0.1 mg PO at bedtime, titrate weekly to 0.4 mg/day divided BID. HTN (IR): 0.1 mg PO BID, titrate by 0.1 mg increments (1) · ER 30-60 mg PO once daily; immediate-release 10 mg PO TID (now rarely used for hypertension due to reflex tachycardia) (1) · IR 1 mg PO at bedtime, titrate weekly; XL 4-8 mg PO daily (1) · IR 80-120 mg PO TID; ER 180-240 mg PO daily; IV 2.5-5 mg over 2 min for SVT termination (under monitoring); cluster prophylaxis up to 480-960 mg/d in divided doses (1) · Ophthalmic: 1 drop 0.5% in affected eye(s) BID (or once daily for XE / Istalol). Oral hypertension: 10 mg PO BID, titrate to 60 mg/day. Migraine prophylaxis: 10 mg BID, titrate to 30 mg/day (1) · PO 10 mg QID; IV 5-10 mg every 20-30 minutes for hypertensive emergency (1)

1, 2, 4, 8 mg IR tablets; 4, 8 mg XL tablets (1) · 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg capsules (1) · 10, 20 mg IR capsules; 30, 60, 90 mg ER tablets (1) · 10, 25, 50, 100 mg tablets; 20 mg/mL IV (1) · 15 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg tablets (1) · 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg tablets; 1 mg/mL oral solution (Epaned); 1.25 mg/mL IV (enalaprilat) (1) · 5, 20, 40 mg tablets (1) · IR 40, 80, 120 mg tablets; SR/ER 100-360 mg; IV 2.5 mg/mL (1) · IR tablets 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg; ER tablets 0.1, 0.2 mg (Kapvay); transdermal patches 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/24h (TTS-1/2/3, weekly); epidural injection (Duraclon) (1) · IR tablets 5, 10 mg; CR tablets 6.25, 12.5 mg; SL tablets 1.75, 3.5, 5, 10 mg; oral spray (1) · OTC tablets, sublingual tablets, gummies, liquid, extended-release tablets and capsules; common strengths 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 mg (1) · Tablets 25, 50, 100 mg (1) · Tablets 5, 10, 20 mg; ophthalmic solution 0.25%, 0.5%; ophthalmic gel-forming solution 0.25%, 0.5% (Timoptic-XE) (1)

10 mg/day (IR); 12.5 mg/day (CR) (1) · 100 mg/d (rarely used) (1) · 100-200 mg/day depending on indication (1) · 120 mg/d (ER); IR not for chronic hypertension (1) · 16 mg/d (IR); 8 mg/d (XL) (1) · 2.4 mg/day (HTN, IR); 0.4 mg/day (ADHD, Kapvay) (1) · 20 mg/d (hypertension); 10 mg/d (other indications typical) (1) · 300 mg/d typical practical limit (toxicity rises sharply above) (1) · 40 mg/d (2) · 60 mg/day (oral, hypertension); 0.5% BID (ophthalmic) (1) · Not formally established (dietary supplement); doses above ~3-5 mg show no additional efficacy but increase next-day sedation risk (1) · ~480 mg/d (oral) for cardiovascular indications; higher off-label for cluster (1)

epidural injection (1) · IM (1) · IV (3) · MI reports) (1) · ophthalmic (1) · Oral (11) · Oral (IR and multiple ER) (1) · Oral; sublingual IR is discouraged (uncontrolled BP drops (1) · oromucosal spray (1) · sublingual (2) · transdermal (1)

15-30 minutes (1) · 30-60 min (IR oral); 2-3 days to steady state (transdermal patch) (1) · 30-60 minutes (immediate-release oral) (1) · BP and symptomatic LUTS improvement within 1-2 weeks (1) · BP effect 1 hour; max at 4-6 hours (1) · BP effect 1-2 hours; max at 6 hours (1) · BP effect 1-2 weeks; max at 2-3 weeks (1) · BP effect within hours (oral); IOP reduction within 30 minutes, full effect 1-2 weeks (ophthalmic) (1) · BP effect within hours; full effect over 1-2 weeks (1) · Diuresis at 2-3 hours; BP effect over weeks (1) · IR 20 minutes; ER ~6 hours (1) · IV: 1-3 minutes (SVT termination); PO IR: 30-60 minutes; ER: hours (1) · IV: 5-20 minutes; PO: 30-60 minutes (1)

12 hours (oral BID); 24 hours (Timoptic-XE) (1) · 12-24 hours (1) · 24 hours (3) · 24 hours (once-daily dosing supported by long elimination) (1) · 3-4 hours (1) · 48-72 hours per dose (much longer than hydrochlorothiazide) (1) · 6-8 hours (IR); 8 hours (CR via biphasic release) (1) · 8-12 hours (IR); ~7 days (transdermal patch) (1) · IR 4-8 hours; ER 24 hours (1) · IR: 6-8 hours; ER: 24 hours (1) · IV: 1-4 hours; PO: 3-8 hours (1)

12-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) · 2-5 hours (IR); ER formulations extend functional duration via osmotic/matrix release'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074D-QINU`"' (1) · 3-7 hours (IR); functional 24 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6B-QINU`"' (1) · 3-7 hours (slow acetylators) vs 1-3 hours (rapid acetylators) via NAT2 polymorphism'"`UNIQ--ref-00000687-QINU`"' (1) · 30-50 minutes (short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) · 40-60 hours (notable for the thiazide class)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000783-QINU`"' (1) · 6-9 hours (substantially longer in renal impairment due to renal elimination)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"' (1) · ~11 hours (enalaprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B84-QINU`"' (1) · ~13 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056C-QINU`"' (1) · ~13-17 hours (ramiprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C32-QINU`"' (1) · ~2.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"' (1) · ~22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB0-QINU`"' (1) · ~4 hours (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1)

~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) · ~20-35% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 with R/S enantiomer differences)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6C-QINU`"' (1) · ~25-50% (oral; substantial first-pass via NAT2 acetylation, phenotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000688-QINU`"' (1) · ~26% (oral; prodrug hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases to active olmesartan; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056D-QINU`"' (1) · ~28% (oral; food slows but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C33-QINU`"' (1) · ~50% (oral); systemic absorption from ophthalmic application is clinically meaningful via nasolacrimal drainage'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1) · ~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) · ~50% IR (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ER products release-rate-limited'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074E-QINU`"' (1) · ~60% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B85-QINU`"' (1) · ~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000784-QINU`"' (1) · ~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB1-QINU`"' (1) · ~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1) · ~75-85% (oral); ~60% (transdermal at steady state)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1)

'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056E-QINU`"' (1) · '''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B86-QINU`"' (1) · '''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C34-QINU`"' (1) · '''Documented fetal growth restriction with chronic exposure'''; avoid in pregnancy if alternative β-blockers are appropriate. The β-blocker most consistently associated with intrauterine growth concerns'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) · Avoided where possible; same class concerns as HCTZ.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limited data; alternative antihypertensives generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limited data; rarely indicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limited human data; case reports of neonatal sedation with late-pregnancy exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limited human data; endogenous hormone, but supplemental pharmacological doses are not well characterized in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limited human data; β-blocker class effects include fetal growth restriction and neonatal bradycardia/hypoglycemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Older agent with substantial use experience but limited controlled data; case reports of neonatal sedation and transient hypertension with maternal use near term.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · One of the historically preferred IV agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy alongside labetalol and nifedipine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Oral nifedipine is one of the preferred agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy and for tocolysis in preterm labor.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1)

[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] dietary supplement in the US ('''not FDA-regulated as a medicine'''; multiple studies show OTC products contain 50-470% of labeled melatonin content); [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in the EU and UK (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (10) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, like guanfacine and unlike the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning''' for '''complex sleep behaviors''' (sleep-driving, sleep-walking, sleep-eating, other parasomnias) added in 2019'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1)