Drilldown: Medicines
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brand:
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
None (11) ·
Active alkaloid is cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. NOT a classical 5-HT2A psychedelic. (1) ·
Active principle is thujone, a GABA-A antagonist (the opposite of most CNS depressants). Also present in cooking sage (''Salvia officinalis''), tansy, and ''Thuja'' cedars. (1) ·
Caffeine (1.5–2%) + theobromine + kolanin (a glycoside). (1) ·
Caffeine (highest of the ''Ilex'' genus) plus saponins that produce ritual vomiting at high doses. (1) ·
Caffeine (sometimes called 'mateine' historically, though chemically identical), theobromine, theophylline, plus polyphenols. (1) ·
Caffeine + theophylline + L-theanine. L-theanine (an amino acid unique to tea) modulates glutamate and produces an 'alpha-wave' calming overlay on caffeine's stimulation, hence tea's reputation as a 'cleaner' stimulant than coffee. (1) ·
Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine A1/A2A receptor antagonist; also weak PDE inhibition. Beans contain theobromine (3,7-DMX) and theophylline (1,3-DMX) in smaller amounts. (1) ·
Contains the β-carboline alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) that allow oral DMT to reach the brain. (1) ·
Contains varying amounts of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine, and gramine depending on strain and growing conditions. (1) ·
Highest natural caffeine content of any plant (2–7% by dry weight, ~2–4× coffee). Caffeine is bound to tannins, producing a slower release than pure coffee caffeine. (1) ·
Partial agonist at D2 and 5HT1A. Antagonist at 5HT2A, α1A, α1B, α2C. More potent 5HT2A antagonism, 5HT1A partial agonism, and α1 antagonism (relative to D2 partial agonism) than aripiprazole, proposed to reduce akathisia and enhance affective/cognitive effects. (1) ·
Primary alkaloid is (S)-(-)-cathinone, a phenylpropanolamine close kin to amphetamine. Releases dopamine and norepinephrine. Also contains cathine (=norpseudoephedrine) and norephedrine. (1) ·
Primary alkaloid is arecoline, a muscarinic agonist (M1, M2, M3, M4) and partial agonist at nicotinic receptors. Produces alertness, salivation, sweating, mild euphoria. (1) ·
Primary alkaloid is cocaine, a tropane that blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine (and serotonin). At low oral doses from leaf chewing, the slow release favors NE-mediated alertness over DA-mediated euphoria. (1) ·
Primary alkaloid is theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), with minor caffeine. Also contains phenethylamine, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid), tryptophan (serotonin precursor), and flavanols. The combined effect is mild stimulation + mood elevation. (1) ·
Root bark contains ~1% N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and related tryptamines. Oral activity requires MAOI co-administration. (1) ·
Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine (dominant; the racemic form is atropine), scopolamine. Competitive muscarinic antagonism. (1) ·
Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, apoatropine. (1) ·
Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, in higher seed concentrations than belladonna or datura. (1) ·
Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine (dominant), hyoscyamine, atropine. Competitive antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000015-QINU`"' CYP2D6 metabolism produces stereoselective clearance; CYP2D6 poor metabolizers have higher plasma exposure and may need lower doses'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000015-QINU`"' The favorable pregnancy safety profile and the dual mechanism support its first-line role in pregnancy-associated hypertension and in hypertensive emergencies where rapid, controllable BP reduction is needed'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000053-QINU`"' Also raises bradykinin, contributing to vasodilation and the characteristic dry cough. Renally cleared, unmetabolized; dose-adjust by eGFR'"`UNIQ--ref-00000054-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000073-QINU`"' The long half-life gives smooth, once-daily BP control with low rebound. CYP3A4 substrate; pedal edema is the characteristic, dose-related, non-fluid-overload side effect'"`UNIQ--ref-00000074-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000000B6-QINU`"' Active metabolite EXP3174 is ~10-40-fold more potent than the parent and accounts for most of the antihypertensive effect; CYP2C9 polymorphism affects conversion'"`UNIQ--ref-000000B7-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000138-QINU`"' Decreases urinary calcium (used in stone prevention); raises serum uric acid, glucose, and lipids modestly; non-anion-gap hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis is the characteristic electrolyte pattern'"`UNIQ--ref-00000139-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000004C8-QINU`"' Largely hepatically cleared (~80% biliary); no active metabolite. Sacubitril-valsartan (Entresto) combines an ARB with neprilysin inhibition for HFrEF and was a notable advance over the ARB-alone trial (PARADIGM-HF, 2014)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004C9-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000063C-QINU`"' Avoid in HFrEF (negative inotropy). CYP3A4 substrate AND moderate inhibitor — interacts substantially with statins (especially simvastatin), tacrolimus, cyclosporine, and many other CYP3A4 substrates'"`UNIQ--ref-0000063D-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000083E-QINU`"' CYP2C9 substrate; no clinically active metabolites. The IDNT trial established renoprotection in diabetic nephropathy independent of BP lowering, contributing to the ARB class indication in T2DM with proteinuria'"`UNIQ--ref-0000083F-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000A1D-QINU`"' Like other ACE inhibitors, it raises bradykinin (driving the dry cough and rare angioedema). Renally cleared; dose-adjust in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A1E-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000AEA-QINU`"' The 24-hour half-life supports once-daily dosing with consistent overnight BP control. Largely hepatically cleared (~98% biliary); no significant renal clearance dependence'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEB-QINU`"'. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000111B-QINU`"' Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome is a recognized class effect. Recently emerging evidence (observational) suggests possible Parkinson's disease risk reduction via PGK1 binding — investigational and not a clinical indication'"`UNIQ--ref-0000111C-QINU`"'. (1)
uses:
Schizophrenia (FDA-approved 2015). Adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder (2015). '''Agitation associated with dementia due to Alzheimer disease''' (FDA-approved May 2023, first agent specifically approved for this problem). Investigational for PTSD (combined with sertraline). (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000006-QINU`"' (3) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000008-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000009-QINU`"' (8) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000000C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000000D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000000E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000000F-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001A-QINU`"' (2) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000022-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000023-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000024-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000025-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000055-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000056-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000057-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000058-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000065-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000075-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000076-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000077-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000000AD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AE-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000000B8-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000B9-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000BA-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000BB-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000000CF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D1-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000013A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000013B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000013C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000013D-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000003A0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A1-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000004CA-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000004CB-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000004CC-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000056B-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000063E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000063F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000640-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000641-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000683-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000684-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000685-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000686-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000069B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069C-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000747-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000748-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000747-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000748-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000749-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000074A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000074B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000074C-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000780-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000781-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000782-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000081E-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000840-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000841-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000A1F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A20-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A21-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000A66-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A67-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A68-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A69-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000A6A-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000AAD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000AAE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000AAF-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000AEC-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000AED-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000B81-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000B82-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000B83-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000C2E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C2F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C30-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C31-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000111D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000111E-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None (15) ·
1 mg PO at bedtime to limit first-dose syncope; titrate weekly to 5-10 mg (1) ·
10 mg PO once daily (5 mg if on a diuretic); titrate to 40 mg (1) ·
12.5-25 mg PO once daily (1) ·
12.5-25 mg PO once daily; titrate to 50 mg (1) ·
150 mg PO once daily; titrate to 300 mg if needed (1) ·
2.5 mg PO once daily (1.25 mg in CHF or volume depletion); titrate to 5-10 mg/d (1) ·
2.5-5 mg PO once daily; titrate to 10 mg/d (1) ·
20 mg PO once daily; titrate to 40 mg/d after 2 weeks if needed (1) ·
25-50 mg PO once daily; titrate to 100 mg/day (1) ·
40 mg PO once daily; titrate to 80 mg (1) ·
5-10 mg PO once daily (2.5 mg if on diuretic or in heart failure); titrate to 10-20 mg BID for HFrEF (1) ·
5-10 mg PO once daily (2.5 mg in heart failure, hyponatremia, or volume depletion) (1) ·
50 mg PO daily (25 mg in volume depletion or hepatic impairment) (1) ·
80-160 mg PO once daily (40 mg BID in HFrEF, titrating up to 160 mg BID) (1) ·
A ''marduuf'' bundle (~50 g fresh leaves) chewed over a couple of hours (1) ·
A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) ·
ADHD (Kapvay ER): 0.1 mg PO at bedtime, titrate weekly to 0.4 mg/day divided BID. HTN (IR): 0.1 mg PO BID, titrate by 0.1 mg increments (1) ·
ER 180-240 mg PO once daily; IR 30 mg PO QID; IV 0.25 mg/kg over 2 min for acute rate control, then 5-15 mg/h infusion (1) ·
ER 30-60 mg PO once daily; immediate-release 10 mg PO TID (now rarely used for hypertension due to reflex tachycardia) (1) ·
Heart failure: 3.125 mg PO BID, doubling every 2 weeks as tolerated to target 25 mg BID (50 mg BID if >85 kg). Hypertension: 6.25 mg PO BID, titrate to 25 mg BID (1) ·
IR 1 mg PO at bedtime, titrate weekly; XL 4-8 mg PO daily (1) ·
IR 80-120 mg PO TID; ER 180-240 mg PO daily; IV 2.5-5 mg over 2 min for SVT termination (under monitoring); cluster prophylaxis up to 480-960 mg/d in divided doses (1) ·
One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) ·
One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1) ·
Ophthalmic: 1 drop 0.5% in affected eye(s) BID (or once daily for XE / Istalol). Oral hypertension: 10 mg PO BID, titrate to 60 mg/day. Migraine prophylaxis: 10 mg BID, titrate to 30 mg/day (1) ·
Oral: 100 mg PO BID, titrate to 400 mg BID. IV: 20 mg over 2 minutes, repeat 40-80 mg every 10 minutes as needed (maximum cumulative 300 mg); continuous infusion 2 mg/minute (1) ·
PO 10 mg QID; IV 5-10 mg every 20-30 minutes for hypertensive emergency (1) ·
Schizophrenia: 1 mg PO daily × 4 days, then 2 mg daily × 3 days, then 4 mg daily. MDD adjunct: 0.5-1 mg daily, increase to 2 mg max. AD agitation: 0.5 mg daily, titrate to 2-3 mg daily. (1)
preparations:
fda max:
None (19) ·
10 mg/d (1) ·
100 mg/d (1) ·
100 mg/d (rarely used) (1) ·
100-200 mg/day depending on indication (1) ·
120 mg/d (ER); IR not for chronic hypertension (1) ·
16 mg/d (IR); 8 mg/d (XL) (1) ·
2.4 mg/day (HTN, IR); 0.4 mg/day (ADHD, Kapvay) (1) ·
20 mg/d (1) ·
20 mg/d (hypertension); 10 mg/d (other indications typical) (1) ·
2400 mg/day (oral); 300 mg total per IV bolus dosing series (1) ·
300 mg/d (1) ·
300 mg/d typical practical limit (toxicity rises sharply above) (1) ·
320 mg/d (hypertension); 320 mg/d (HF) (1) ·
4 mg/d (schizophrenia); 3 mg/d (AD agitation); 3 mg/d (MDD adjunct) (1) ·
40 mg/d (2) ·
50 mg BID in heart failure (or once-daily equivalent CR); 25 mg BID in hypertension (1) ·
50 mg/d (hypertension); up to 200 mg/d (edema) (1) ·
60 mg/day (oral, hypertension); 0.5% BID (ophthalmic) (1) ·
80 mg/d (3) ·
~480 mg/d (oral) for cardiovascular indications; higher off-label for cluster (1) ·
~480 mg/d (oral); IV per protocol (1)
routes:
buccal); refined cocaine has its own profile (1) ·
epidural injection (1) ·
IM (1) ·
inhalation (2) ·
intravenous (1) ·
IV (4) ·
MI reports) (1) ·
multiple ER formulations) (1) ·
ophthalmic (1) ·
Oral (35) ·
Oral (buccal absorption) (1) ·
Oral (buccal) (1) ·
Oral (IR (1) ·
Oral (IR and multiple ER) (1) ·
Oral (leaf (1) ·
Oral (with MAOI) (2) ·
Oral; sublingual IR is discouraged (uncontrolled BP drops (1) ·
smoked (extracted DMT) (1) ·
topical (1) ·
transdermal (1)
onset:
None (16) ·
15–30 min (2) ·
30-60 min (IR oral); 2-3 days to steady state (transdermal patch) (1) ·
Antihypertensive effect within 1 week; heart-failure mortality benefit accrues over months of titration (1) ·
BP and symptomatic LUTS improvement within 1-2 weeks (2) ·
BP effect 1 hour; max at 4-6 hours (1) ·
BP effect 1-2 hours; max at 6 hours (1) ·
BP effect 1-2 weeks; antihypertensive peak 3-6 weeks (1) ·
BP effect 1-2 weeks; max at 2-3 weeks (1) ·
BP effect 2 hours; max at 4-6 weeks (1) ·
BP effect within 1-2 weeks (2) ·
BP effect within 24 hours; full effect at 1-2 weeks (long half-life) (1) ·
BP effect within hours (oral); 5-10 minutes (IV) (1) ·
BP effect within hours (oral); IOP reduction within 30 minutes, full effect 1-2 weeks (ophthalmic) (1) ·
BP effect within hours; full effect over 1-2 weeks (1) ·
BP lowering within 1 hour; max at 6 hours (1) ·
BP lowering within 1 hour; max effect at 6 hours (1) ·
Diuresis at 2 hours; antihypertensive effect within days, max at 3-4 weeks (1) ·
Diuresis at 2-3 hours; BP effect over weeks (1) ·
IR 20 minutes; ER ~6 hours (1) ·
IV: 1-3 minutes (SVT termination); PO IR: 30-60 minutes; ER: hours (1) ·
IV: 3-7 minutes (rate control); PO IR: 30-60 minutes; ER: hours (1) ·
IV: 5-20 minutes; PO: 30-60 minutes (1) ·
Weeks for psychosis/depression; AD agitation benefit emerges over weeks (1) ·
~15–30 min (1)
duration:
None (16) ·
12 hours (oral BID); 24 hours (Timoptic-XE) (1) ·
12-24 hours (1) ·
24 hours (11) ·
24 hours (once-daily dosing supported by long elimination) (1) ·
2–4 h (1) ·
3–4 h (1) ·
3–5 h (subjective) (1) ·
48-72 hours per dose (much longer than hydrochlorothiazide) (1) ·
6-12 hours (1) ·
8-12 hours (IR); ~7 days (transdermal patch) (1) ·
8-12 hours (oral); 4-6 hours (IV) (1) ·
Daily dosing (1) ·
IR 4-8 hours; ER 24 hours (1) ·
IR: 4-8 hours; ER: 24 hours (1) ·
IR: 6-8 hours; ER: 24 hours (1) ·
IV: 1-4 hours; PO: 3-8 hours (1) ·
~12 hours (IR); 24 hours (CR) (1)
halflife:
None (17) ·
10-11 hours (benazeprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A22-QINU`"' (1) ·
11-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000842-QINU`"' (1) ·
12-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) ·
2 hours (parent); 6-9 hours for active carboxylic acid metabolite EXP3174'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BC-QINU`"' (1) ·
2-5 hours (IR); ER formulations extend functional duration via osmotic/matrix release'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074D-QINU`"' (1) ·
3-4.5 hours (IR); 5-7 hours (ER; effective duration 24 hours via formulation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000642-QINU`"' (1) ·
3-7 hours (IR); functional 24 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6B-QINU`"' (1) ·
3-7 hours (slow acetylators) vs 1-3 hours (rapid acetylators) via NAT2 polymorphism'"`UNIQ--ref-00000687-QINU`"' (1) ·
30-50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000078-QINU`"' (1) ·
40-60 hours (notable for the thiazide class)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000783-QINU`"' (1) ·
6-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013E-QINU`"' (1) ·
6-9 hours (substantially longer in renal impairment due to renal elimination)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"' (1) ·
7-10 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1) ·
~11 hours (enalaprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B84-QINU`"' (1) ·
~12 hours (effective); terminal half-life is biphasic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"' (1) ·
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000111F-QINU`"' (1) ·
~13 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056C-QINU`"' (1) ·
~13-17 hours (ramiprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C32-QINU`"' (1) ·
~22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB0-QINU`"' (1) ·
~24 hours (longest of the ARB class; suits patients with morning BP surge)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEE-QINU`"' (1) ·
~4 hours (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1) ·
~5 h (caffeine) (2) ·
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CD-QINU`"' (1) ·
~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"' (1) ·
~91 hours (1)
bioavailability:
None (18) ·
42-58% (oral; dose-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEF-QINU`"' (1) ·
60-80% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000843-QINU`"' (1) ·
64-90% (oral; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000079-QINU`"' (1) ·
65-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013F-QINU`"' (1) ·
>90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001120-QINU`"' (1) ·
~20-35% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 with R/S enantiomer differences)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6C-QINU`"' (1) ·
~25% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1) ·
~25% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005A-QINU`"' (1) ·
~25% (oral; food reduces absorption ~40%)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CE-QINU`"' (1) ·
~25-35% (extensive first-pass), increased by food which slows absorption and reduces orthostatic risk'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1) ·
~25-50% (oral; substantial first-pass via NAT2 acetylation, phenotype-dependent)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000688-QINU`"' (1) ·
~26% (oral; prodrug hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases to active olmesartan; not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056D-QINU`"' (1) ·
~28% (oral; food slows but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C33-QINU`"' (1) ·
~33% (extensive first-pass via CYP2C9 and CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BD-QINU`"' (1) ·
~37% (oral; food does not affect)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A23-QINU`"' (1) ·
~40% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000643-QINU`"' (1) ·
~50% (oral); systemic absorption from ophthalmic application is clinically meaningful via nasolacrimal drainage'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1) ·
~50% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) ·
~50% IR (extensive first-pass via CYP3A4); ER products release-rate-limited'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074E-QINU`"' (1) ·
~60% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B85-QINU`"' (1) ·
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000784-QINU`"' (1) ·
~65% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB1-QINU`"' (1) ·
~75-85% (oral); ~60% (transdermal at steady state)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) ·
~95% (1) ·
~99% (caffeine) (1)
pregnancy:
None (19) ·
'''Among the safest antihypertensives in pregnancy''', recommended for chronic hypertension during pregnancy and first-line for severe hypertension in preeclampsia and eclampsia'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BE-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CF-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056E-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000844-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AF0-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A24-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B86-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C34-QINU`"' (1) ·
'''Documented fetal growth restriction with chronic exposure'''; avoid in pregnancy if alternative β-blockers are appropriate. The β-blocker most consistently associated with intrauterine growth concerns'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) ·
Avoided where possible; same class concerns as HCTZ.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1) ·
Limited data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited data; alternative antihypertensives generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited data; case series and registries suggest no major teratogenicity but other antihypertensives (labetalol, nifedipine) are typically preferred.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited data; labetalol/nifedipine generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited data; National Pregnancy Registry available (1) ·
Limited data; rarely indicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited human data; β-blocker class effects include fetal growth restriction and neonatal bradycardia/hypoglycemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (2) ·
Older agent with substantial use experience but limited controlled data; case reports of neonatal sedation and transient hypertension with maternal use near term.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
One of the historically preferred IV agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy alongside labetalol and nifedipine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Oral nifedipine is one of the preferred agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy and for tocolysis in preterm labor.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
legal:
None (14) ·
Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) ·
Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled (1) ·
Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) ·
Rx (1) ·
Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti (1) ·
Unrestricted (food) (1) ·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (22) ·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, like guanfacine and unlike the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1)
Showing below up to 43 results in range #1 to #43.