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Drilldown: Medicines

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Medicines > classes : Anesthetic or Benzodiazepine or Sedative-Hypnotic

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generic:
brand:
None (12) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Amidate (1) · Brevital (1) · Dalmane (1) · Diprivan (1) · Doral (1) · Doriden (1) · Halcion (1) · Hetlioz (1) · Imovane (1) · Lexotan (1) · Librium (1) · Lunesta (1) · Mogadon (1) · Nembutal (1) · Onfi (1) · Pentothal (1) · Placidyl (1) · ProSom (1) · Quaalude (1) · Restoril (1) · Rohypnol (1) · Rozerem (1) · Seconal (1) · Serax (1) · Sonata (1) · THIP (1) · Tranxene (1) · Versed (1) · Xanax (1) · Xyrem (1)
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
None (2) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABA-A positive allosteric modulator'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--vote-00000068-QINU`"' (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (20) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; low sedation (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; prodrug of desmethyldiazepam (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAA potentiator; glycine receptor agonist (1) · GABAA potentiator; NMDA antagonist (1) · GABAA potentiator; possible glycine/NMDA modulation (1) · GABAA potentiator; ultra-short-acting (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1)
uses:
None (41) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006B-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None (41) · 0.25 mg (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)
preparations:
None (41) · 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg tablets (immediate-release and orally disintegrating); 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg extended-release tablets; 1 mg/mL oral concentrate (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1)
fda max:
None (41) · 10 mg/d (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)
routes:
None (41) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (2) · sublingual (1)
onset:
None (41) · 30-60 min (immediate-release); 1-2 h (extended-release) (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
None (41) · 6 h (immediate-release); ~11 h (extended-release) (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1)
halflife:
None (41) · 11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release) (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1)
bioavailability:
None (41) · 80-90% oral (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1)
pregnancy:
None (41) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' (1)
legal:
None (42) · Schedule IV (US) (1)

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