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Other values:

None (5) · Sodium channel blocker (2)

Other values:

None (34) · 1-2 mg PO once daily with breakfast; titrate by glycemic response (1) · 10 mg PO once daily in the morning; 5 mg starting in heart failure (1) · 10 mg PO once daily in the morning; may titrate to 25 mg for additional glycemic effect (1) · 100 mg PO once daily (50 mg if CrCl 30-44; 25 mg if <30 or dialysis) (1) · 15-30 mg PO once daily; titrate to 45 mg (1) · 5 mg PO once daily (no renal dose adjustment, unlike sitagliptin) (1) · 5 mg PO once daily, 30 minutes before breakfast; XL: 5 mg with breakfast (1) · 500 mg PO once or twice daily with meals; titrate weekly to limit GI effects (1) · A ''marduuf'' bundle (~50 g fresh leaves) chewed over a couple of hours (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1)

None (19) · 1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg tablets (1) · 10 mg, 25 mg tablets (1) · 15, 30, 45 mg tablets (1) · 25, 50, 100 mg tablets; combination tablets with metformin (1) · 5 mg tablets; combination with metformin (1) · 5 mg, 10 mg immediate-release tablets; 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg extended-release tablets (1) · 5 mg, 10 mg tablets (1) · 500 mg, 850 mg, 1000 mg IR tablets; 500 mg, 750 mg, 1000 mg ER tablets; 500 mg/5 mL oral solution (1) · A ''betel quid'': areca nut slice + betel leaf + slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) ± tobacco ± spices, chewed (1) · Acid/base extraction of fresh young grass for tryptamines; combined with an MAOI (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh leaves and tender twigs chewed; degrades on drying (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves chewed with a pinch of slaked lime (the lime converts cocaine HCl to freebase for buccal absorption); also drunk as tea (''mate de coca'') (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root bark acid/base-extracted for DMT; or as the resurrected ''jurema preta'' brew (decocted with an MAOI such as ''Peganum harmala'') (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (38) · 10 mg/d (1) · 100 mg/d (1) · 25 mg/d (1) · 2550 mg/d (IR); 2000 mg/d (ER) (1) · 40 mg/d (IR; doses >15 mg given as divided BID); 20 mg/d (XL) (1) · 45 mg/d (1) · 5 mg/d (1) · 8 mg/d (1)

None (19) · buccal); refined cocaine has its own profile (1) · inhalation (2) · Oral (22) · Oral (buccal absorption) (1) · Oral (buccal) (1) · Oral (leaf (1) · Oral (with MAOI) (2) · smoked (extracted DMT) (1) · topical (1)

None (35) · 1-2 hours (1) · 15–30 min (2) · Glucose lowering within days; HbA1c effect at 8-12 weeks (1) · Glycosuria within hours; HbA1c effect at 12 weeks; cardiovascular and renal benefits over months (1) · Glycosuria within hours; HbA1c effect at 12 weeks; CV/renal benefits over months (1) · HbA1c effect at 12-16 weeks (slower than other classes) (1) · Postprandial glucose effect within days; HbA1c by 12 weeks (2) · Within 30 minutes (IR) (1) · ~15–30 min (1)

None (35) · 24 hours (6) · 2–4 h (1) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · ~12 hours (IR); 24 hours (ER) (1) · ~12-24 hours (1)

None (36) · 2-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000002D9-QINU`"' (1) · 6.2 hours (plasma); ~17 hours in erythrocytes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"' (1) · ~12 hours (effective); terminal much longer'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117C-QINU`"' (1) · ~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027C-QINU`"' (1) · ~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000765-QINU`"' (1) · ~12.9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000552-QINU`"' (1) · ~3-7 hours (parent); 16-24 hours including active metabolites'"`UNIQ--ref-00000824-QINU`"' (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2) · ~5-9 hours (parent and active metabolites combined)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000492-QINU`"' (1)

None (37) · 50-60% (oral; decreased with food, but food given anyway for GI tolerance)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral; absorption not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000825-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral; not affected by food, but typically given with the morning meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027D-QINU`"' (1) · ~100% (oral; food delays absorption, hence pre-meal dosing for IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002DA-QINU`"' (1) · ~100% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000493-QINU`"' (1) · ~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117D-QINU`"' (1) · ~78% (oral; high-fat meal modestly reduces but is not clinically significant)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000553-QINU`"' (1) · ~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000766-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)

None (37) · Avoid in second and third trimesters; fetal SGLT2 inhibition disrupts kidney development.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (2) · Avoid; switch to insulin. Hypoglycemia in newborn reported.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Avoid; switch to insulin. Neonatal hypoglycemia reported.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Generally considered safe; widely used in PCOS and gestational diabetes; placental transfer occurs.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1) · Limited data; switch to insulin where feasible.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (3)

None (33) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (7) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for heart failure (do not initiate in NYHA III/IV; can precipitate or worsen HF in any patient)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000826-QINU`"' (1)

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