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Medicines (732)

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: Anticonvulsant

or Sedative-hypnotic

or [[:Category:Bronchodilators|Bronchodilator]]

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None (9)

None (4) · AMPA receptor antagonist (1) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABA enhancer; sodium channel blocker; histone deacetylase inhibitor (1) · GABA reuptake inhibitor (GAT-1 blocker) (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (16) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (3) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Irreversible GABA-T inhibitor (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Multiple mechanisms; GPR55 antagonist; TRPV1 agonist (1) · NMDA antagonist; GABAA potentiator (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl− channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Prodrug of phenytoin; sodium channel blocker (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) · Serotonin releaser; sigma-1 agonist (1) · Slow-inactivation sodium channel enhancer; CRMP-2 ligand (1) · Sodium channel blocker (2) · Sodium channel blocker; GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · Sodium channel modulator (1) · Sodium/T-type calcium channel blocker; carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (1) · SV2A ligand (higher affinity than levetiracetam) (1) · T-type calcium channel blocker (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000093-QINU`"' At higher doses β2 selectivity is lost, producing β1 effects (tachycardia, tremor) and hypokalemia from intracellular potassium shift'"`UNIQ--ref-00000094-QINU`"'. (1)

None (48) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000095-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000096-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000097-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000098-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000009BE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000009BF-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F78-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F79-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F7A-QINU`"' (1)

None (48) · 18 mcg DPI once daily (HandiHaler); 2.5 mcg per actuation × 2 inhalations once daily (Respimat) (1) · MDI 90 mcg/puff, 2 puffs q4-6h prn; nebulized 2.5 mg in 3 mL saline q4-6h (1) · Nebulized 500 mcg q6-8h (or with albuterol as DuoNeb); MDI 17 mcg/puff, 2 puffs QID; nasal 0.03% or 0.06% spray BID-TID (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)

None (48) · 18 mcg HandiHaler capsules; 2.5 mcg/actuation Respimat solution inhaler (1.25 mcg/actuation for asthma indication) (1) · Atrovent HFA 17 mcg/actuation MDI; 500 mcg/2.5 mL nebulizer solution; 0.03% and 0.06% intranasal sprays; with albuterol as DuoNeb / Combivent Respimat (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · MDI 90 mcg/puff; nebulizer solution 0.083% (2.5 mg/3 mL), 0.5%, 0.021%, 0.042%; syrup 2 mg/5 mL; 2 mg, 4 mg tablets; 4 mg, 8 mg ER (1)

None (48) · 12 inhalations/d (rescue); higher for severe exacerbation under monitoring (1) · 12 puffs MDI/d typical; nebulized 2000 mcg/d (1) · N/A (never approved) (1) · One dose per day (1)

None (48) · Inhaled (DPI (1) · Inhaled (MDI (2) · intranasal (1) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · nebulized) (2) · Oral (2) · soft-mist inhaler) (1) · sublingual (1)

None (48) · Bronchodilation 15-30 minutes (1) · Bronchodilation 30 minutes; steady-state at 1-2 weeks (1) · Inhaled: 5-15 minutes; PO: 30 minutes (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (48) · 24 hours (long receptor dissociation half-life from M3) (1) · 4-6 hours (2) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1)

None (48) · 4-6 hours (inhaled and PO)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000099-QINU`"' (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · ~2 hours (plasma; minimal relevance — local-action drug)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7B-QINU`"' (1) · ~25-44 hours plasma; receptor kinetics drive the once-daily duration'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C0-QINU`"' (1)

None (48) · Inhaled lung deposition with minimal systemic absorption (the basis of the favorable safety profile vs systemic antimuscarinics)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7C-QINU`"' (1) · Inhaled lung deposition ~20%; systemic absorption from lung ~33%; oral component negligible'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C1-QINU`"' (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~10% inhaled reaches systemic circulation; ~50% PO'"`UNIQ--ref-0000009A-QINU`"' (1)

None (48) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Limited data; generally considered acceptable when needed.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Limited data; LABA/LAMA strategies in pregnancy generally favor agents with the most reassuring data.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Preferred SABA in pregnancy; benefits of asthma control outweigh limited risks.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1)

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