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Medicines (732)

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: Antiparkinsonian

or Benzodiazepine

or Sedative-Hypnotic

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None (11)

None (2) · Central and peripheral COMT inhibitor (1) · D1/D2/D3 receptor agonist (1) · D2 agonist; D1 partial agonist (1) · D2 receptor agonist (1) · Dopamine precursor (1) · Dopamine precursor + DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (1) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABA-A positive allosteric modulator'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--vote-00000068-QINU`"' (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (19) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; low sedation (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; prodrug of desmethyldiazepam (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Irreversible selective MAO-B inhibitor (2) · MAO-B inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; glutamate release inhibitor (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Muscarinic receptor antagonist (1) · Muscarinic receptor antagonist; dopamine reuptake inhibitor (1) · NMDA antagonist; dopamine releasing agent (1) · Non-selective dopamine receptor agonist (1) · Once-daily COMT inhibitor (1) · Peripheral COMT inhibitor (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) · Selective M1 muscarinic antagonist (1)

None (51) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006B-QINU`"' (1)

None (51) · 0.25 mg (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)

None (51) · 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg tablets (immediate-release and orally disintegrating); 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg extended-release tablets; 1 mg/mL oral concentrate (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1)

None (51) · 10 mg/d (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)

None (51) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (2) · sublingual (1)

None (51) · 30-60 min (immediate-release); 1-2 h (extended-release) (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (51) · 6 h (immediate-release); ~11 h (extended-release) (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1)

None (51) · 11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release) (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1)

None (51) · 80-90% oral (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1)

None (51) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' (1)

None (52) · Schedule IV (US) (1)

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