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Medicines > classes : Benzodiazepine or [[:Category:Melatonin receptor agonists|Melatonin receptor agonist]] & routes: Oral

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generic:
Alprazolam (1) · Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (1)
brand:
Multiple OTC dietary supplement formulations (1) · Xanax (1)
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
None (1) · GABA-A positive allosteric modulator'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--vote-00000068-QINU`"' (1)
uses:
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006B-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
0.25 mg (1) · 0.5-3 mg PO 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Some patients respond to micro-doses (0.3 mg) without additional benefit at higher doses. For circadian phase shifting, timing relative to dim-light melatonin onset matters more than absolute dose (1)
preparations:
0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg tablets (immediate-release and orally disintegrating); 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg extended-release tablets; 1 mg/mL oral concentrate (1) · OTC tablets, sublingual tablets, gummies, liquid, extended-release tablets and capsules; common strengths 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 mg (1)
fda max:
10 mg/d (1) · Not formally established (dietary supplement); doses above ~3-5 mg show no additional efficacy but increase next-day sedation risk (1)
routes: (Click arrow to add another value)
onset:
30-60 min (immediate-release); 1-2 h (extended-release) (1) · 30-60 minutes (immediate-release oral) (1)
duration:
3-4 hours (1) · 6 h (immediate-release); ~11 h (extended-release) (1)
halflife:
11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release) (1) · 30-50 minutes (short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1)
bioavailability:
80-90% oral (1) · ~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1)
pregnancy:
Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' (1) · Limited human data; endogenous hormone, but supplemental pharmacological doses are not well characterized in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1)
legal:
Schedule IV (US) (1) · [[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] dietary supplement in the US ('''not FDA-regulated as a medicine'''; multiple studies show OTC products contain 50-470% of labeled melatonin content); [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in the EU and UK (1)

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