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Medicines > classes : Benzodiazepine or Caffeine plant or Research material

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generic:
brand:
None (131) · ''Camellia sinensis'' (formerly ''Thea sinensis'') (1) · ''Coffea arabica'', ''Coffea canephora'' (robusta) (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Dalmane (1) · Doral (1) · Halcion (1) · Lexotan (1) · Librium (1) · Mogadon (1) · O-DSMT (1) · Onfi (1) · ProSom (1) · Restoril (1) · Rohypnol (1) · Serax (1) · Tranxene (1) · Versed (1) · Xanax (1)
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
5-HT2A agonist (26) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (21) · Monoamine releasing agent (9) · CB1/CB2 agonist (7) · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (5) · Potent 5-HT2A agonist (5) · LSD analogue; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Prodrug of LSD; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Serotonin/norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent (3) · Cathinone analogue; monoamine reuptake inhibitor (2) · Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (2) · NMDA antagonist (2) · Prodrug of GHB (2)
uses:
None (145) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000065-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006B-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AE-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000CF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000747-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000748-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000081E-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None (150) · 0.25 mg (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1)
preparations:
None (145) · 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg tablets (immediate-release and orally disintegrating); 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg extended-release tablets; 1 mg/mL oral concentrate (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)
fda max:
None (152) · 10 mg/d (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)
routes:
None (145) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (9) · sublingual (1)
onset:
None (150) · 15–30 min (1) · 30-60 min (immediate-release); 1-2 h (extended-release) (1) · ~15–30 min (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
None (150) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · 6 h (immediate-release); ~11 h (extended-release) (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1)
halflife:
None (150) · 11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release) (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2)
bioavailability:
None (151) · 80-90% oral (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)
pregnancy:
None (151) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' (1) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1)
legal:
None (152) · Schedule IV (US) (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1)

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