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: Benzodiazepine

or Empathogen

or [[:Category:Electrolyte_replacements|Electrolyte replacement]]

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None (2) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABA-A positive allosteric modulator'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--vote-00000068-QINU`"' (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (18) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; low sedation (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; prodrug of desmethyldiazepam (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · MAO inhibitor; monoamine releasing agent (1) · MAO inhibitor; serotonin releasing agent (1) · Monoamine releasing agent (3) · Monoamine releasing agent; 5-HT2A agonist (1) · Monoamine releasing agent; serotonergic at higher doses (1) · Serotonin releasing agent (2) · Serotonin releasing agent; 5-HT2A agonist (3) · Serotonin/dopamine/norepinephrine releasing agent; 5-HT2A agonist (1) · Serotonin/norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent (3) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000016-QINU`"' Bicarbonate is not benign: high-volume use produces hypernatremia, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and (in arrest) paradoxical intracellular acidosis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000037-QINU`"' Hypertonic 3% is the standard urgent treatment of severely symptomatic hyponatremia'"`UNIQ--ref-00000038-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000086-QINU`"' Calcium content is a relative contraindication for co-administration with citrated blood products through the same line'"`UNIQ--ref-00000087-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001302-QINU`"' Renally cleared; accumulation in advanced CKD can produce neuromuscular and cardiac depression. Hypomagnesemia frequently co-exists with hypokalemia and is often the reason refractory potassium loss does not correct until magnesium is repleted. (1)

None (38) · 0.25 mg (1) · 10-20 mEq PO daily for prevention; treat established hypokalemia per measured deficit, typically 40-100 mEq/d in divided doses; IV 10 mEq/h peripheral, 20 mEq/h central with telemetry (1) · IV: 1 mEq/kg bolus in arrest indication, then titrated to ABG and clinical status; PO: 325-2000 mg up to QID as antacid (1) · Oral: 1000-1500 mg elemental calcium/day in divided doses for supplementation; IV gluconate 1 g (4.65 mEq) over 5-10 min for hyperkalemia or symptomatic hypocalcemia (1) · Replacement oxide 400-800 mg/d in divided doses (high diarrhea rate); citrate 200-400 mg/d (better tolerated, better absorbed); IV sulfate 1-2 g over 5-60 minutes for hypomagnesemia or torsades; eclampsia 4-6 g IV loading then 1-2 g/h (1) · Volume and concentration titrated to clinical status; symptomatic hyponatremia: 3% NaCl 100-150 mL bolus, reassess (1) · Volume titrated to clinical status; typical adult bolus 500-1000 mL, then reassess (1)

None (38) · 0.225%, 0.45%, 0.9%, 3%, 5% IV solutions; 0.9% nasal spray; 3% and 7% nebulizer solutions; oral tablets (1 g) (1) · 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg tablets (immediate-release and orally disintegrating); 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg extended-release tablets; 1 mg/mL oral concentrate (1) · 250, 500, 1000 mL IV bags. Composition per liter: Na+ 130 mEq, K+ 4 mEq, Ca2+ 3 mEq, Cl- 109 mEq, lactate 28 mEq (1) · 4.2%, 7.5%, 8.4% IV (1 mEq/mL at 8.4%); 325, 650 mg oral tablets; bulk powder (1) · 8, 10, 20, 25 mEq tablets/capsules (most ER); effervescent and oral solution; IV concentrate (must be diluted) (1) · Carbonate 200, 400, 500, 600 mg elemental tablets and chewables; citrate 200, 250, 315 mg elemental; gluconate 1 g (94 mg elemental, 4.65 mEq) IV; chloride 1 g (270 mg elemental, 13.6 mEq) IV (1) · Oxide 400, 500 mg tablets (240, 300 mg elemental); citrate 100, 150, 200 mg tablets; hydroxide oral suspension 400 mg/5 mL; sulfate IV 500 mg/mL ampules (1)

None (38) · 10 mg/d (1) · Indication-specific; renal clearance limits tolerable cumulative dosing (1) · IV peripheral 10 mEq/h (40 mEq/L); IV central 20 mEq/h with cardiac monitoring; PO single doses generally ≤40 mEq (1) · No fixed maximum; titrated to clinical endpoints (1) · No fixed maximum; titrated to pH and bicarbonate level; chronic high oral doses cause metabolic alkalosis and volume overload (1) · No fixed maximum; titrated; sodium correction rate in chronic hyponatremia must not exceed 8-10 mEq/L per 24 hours to avoid osmotic demyelination (1) · ~2500 mg elemental/d combined diet + supplements (chronic; UL) (1)

None (38) · intranasal (1) · IV (5) · IV (gluconate or chloride for acute use) (1) · nebulized (1) · ophthalmic (1) · Oral (6)

None (38) · 30-60 min (immediate-release); 1-2 h (extended-release) (1) · Acute: minutes (IV); chronic: bone effect over months (1) · Hours (PO); IV faster but rate-limited (1) · Immediate (IV) (1) · Immediate (IV); within minutes (oral antacid) (1) · Immediate intravascular expansion (1) · Oral: hours; IV: minutes (1)

None (38) · 6 h (immediate-release); ~11 h (extended-release) (1) · IV: hours, dependent on ongoing acid load; oral antacid: ~30 minutes (1) · Roughly 20-25% of an IV bolus remains intravascular at 1 hour (1) · Roughly 20-30% remains intravascular at 1 hour (1) · Variable (2) · Variable; depends on ongoing losses (1)

None (38) · 11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release) (1) · Not applicable (electrolyte and buffer) (1) · Not applicable (electrolyte solution) (1) · Not applicable (electrolyte) (1) · Not meaningfully described (electrolyte) (1) · Not meaningfully described (electrolyte; renally cleared) (1) · Not meaningfully described for an electrolyte; distribution between intra- and extracellular compartments is the relevant kinetic (1)

None (38) · 100% (IV) (1) · 100% (IV); essentially complete (oral) (1) · 100% (IV); rapidly neutralized by gastric acid (oral) (1) · 60-80% (oral) (1) · 80-90% oral (1) · Carbonate ~30-40% (best with food and acid); citrate ~24% (absorbable without acid; preferred in achlorhydria, PPI use, post-bariatric) (1) · Highly salt-dependent: citrate ~25-30%; oxide ~4% (limited and causes osmotic diarrhea); chloride ~12% (1)

None (38) · Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' (1) · Generally safe at replacement doses; treat the underlying cause of hypokalemia.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · IV sulfate is the cornerstone of eclampsia/preeclampsia management; oral replacement also safe.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Routine antacid and acidosis correction acceptable (1) · Routinely supplemented in pregnancy; needs higher in pregnancy and lactation.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Standard fluid and electrolyte management (1) · Standard resuscitation fluid in pregnancy (1)

None (38) · OTC (oral salts) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US (1) · OTC (oral supplements) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US (1) · Schedule IV (US) (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher concentrations and IV) and OTC (low-dose supplements) in US (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for IV formulations; OTC for oral (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for parenteral formulations; OTC for oral, nasal, and many nebulizer products (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (1)

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