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Medicines > classes : Benzodiazepine or Psychostimulant or Sedative-Hypnotic

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generic:
brand:
None (10) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Adderall, Adderall XR, Mydayis (1) · Captagon (1) · Dalmane (1) · Desoxyn (1) · Dexedrine (1) · Doral (1) · Doriden (1) · Focalin, Focalin XR (1) · Halcion (1) · Hetlioz (1) · Imovane (1) · Lexotan (1) · Librium (1) · Lunesta (1) · Mogadon (1) · Nembutal (1) · Onfi (1) · Placidyl (1) · ProSom (1) · Quaalude (1) · Restoril (1) · Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Concerta, Metadate CD, Daytrana, Quillivant XR (1) · Rohypnol (1) · Rozerem (1) · Seconal (1) · Serax (1) · Sonata (1) · THIP (1) · Tranxene (1) · Versed (1) · Xanax (1) · Xyrem (1)
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
None (2) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABA-A positive allosteric modulator'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--vote-00000068-QINU`"' (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (19) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; low sedation (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; prodrug of desmethyldiazepam (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Monoamine releasing agent (1) · Monoamine releasing agent, TAAR1 agonism, VMAT2 substrate, DAT/NET reverse transport (1) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET) (1) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET), d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Prodrug of amphetamine + theophylline (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) · TAAR1 agonism, VMAT2 substrate, DAT/NET reverse transport, net release of dopamine and norepinephrine (1)
uses:
None (37) · ADHD, narcolepsy (1) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006B-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000150-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000151-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000004B9-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000004BA-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000004BB-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000562-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000563-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000564-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000565-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000566-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None (39) · 0.25 mg (1) · 2.5 mg IR, 5 mg XR, or 12.5mg Mydayis (1) · 5 mg PO (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)
preparations:
None (39) · 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg tablets (immediate-release and orally disintegrating); 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg extended-release tablets; 1 mg/mL oral concentrate (1) · Desoxyn 5 mg tabs (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · IR tabs 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30 mg; XR caps 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg; Mydayis caps 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 mg (1)
fda max:
None (39) · 10 mg/d (1) · 25 mg/day (ADHD per Desoxyn label); 15 mg/day (obesity, short-term, per Desoxyn label) (1) · N/A (never approved) (1) · XR = 40 or 60 mg/d; IR = 40 or 60 mg/d'"`UNIQ--ref-00000567-QINU`"' (1)
routes:
None (37) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (5) · Oral (prescribed) (1) · sublingual (1) · transdermal (1)
onset:
None (38) · 20–60 min (oral) (1) · 30-60 min (immediate-release); 1-2 h (extended-release) (1) · 30–60 min (1) · IR: 30–60 min; XR: 1–2 h to peak effect (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
None (38) · 6 h (immediate-release); ~11 h (extended-release) (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · IR 3–5 h; LA/SR 6–8 h; Concerta 10–12 h; Daytrana ~9 h wear time (1) · IR 4–6 h; XR 10–12 h; Mydayis 14–16 h (1) · IR 4–6 h; XR 8–12 h (1)
halflife:
None (38) · 11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release) (1) · 2.2 h (IR parent); ~3 h (XR parent) (1) · 2–3 h (parent compound) (1) · D-amphetamine ~10 h; L-amphetamine ~13 h (adults) (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1)
bioavailability:
None (38) · 80-90% oral (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~22–25% (1) · ~30% (high first-pass) (1) · ~75–90% (oral) (1)
pregnancy:
None (37) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Category C (2) · Category C (per Desoxyn label) (1) · Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' (1) · Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Limited reproductive data with small observational signal for cardiac malformations; risk-benefit decision, with many patients deferring ADHD treatment during pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full discussion. (1)
legal:
None (38) · Schedule II (4) · Schedule IV (US) (1)

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