Drilldown: Medicines

Alprazolam (1) · Bromazepam (1) · Bromazolam (1) · Chlordiazepoxide (1) · Clobazam (1) · Clonazolam (1) · Clorazepate (1) · Deschloroetizolam (1) · Diclazepam (1) · Estazolam (1) · Eszopiclone (1) · Ethchlorvynol (1) · Flualprazolam (1) · Flubromazepam (1) · Flubromazolam (1) · Flunitrazepam (1) · Flunitrazolam (1) · Flurazepam (1) · Gaboxadol (1) · GHB (1) · Glutethimide (1) · Lithium (1) · Lormetazepam (1) · Methaqualone (1) · Midazolam (1) · Nifoxipam (1) · Nitrazepam (1) · Oxazepam (1) · Pentobarbital (1) · Pyrazolam (1) · Quazepam (1) · Ramelteon (1) · Secobarbital (1) · Tasimelteon (1) · Temazepam (1) · Triazolam (1) · Zaleplon (1) · Zopiclone (1)

None (10) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Dalmane (1) · Doral (1) · Doriden (1) · Halcion (1) · Hetlioz (1) · Imovane (1) · Lexotan (1) · Librium (1) · Lithobid (extended-release); Eskalith (discontinued in US); Carbolith (Canada); Priadel (UK); Camcolit (UK) (1) · Lunesta (1) · Mogadon (1) · Nembutal (1) · Onfi (1) · Placidyl (1) · ProSom (1) · Quaalude (1) · Restoril (1) · Rohypnol (1) · Rozerem (1) · Seconal (1) · Serax (1) · Sonata (1) · THIP (1) · Tranxene (1) · Versed (1) · Xanax (1) · Xyrem (1)

Research material · Classic Psychedelic · Stimulant · Opioid · Sedative-Hypnotic · Phenethylamine · Tryptamine · Benzodiazepine · Botanical · [[:Category:Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive]] · Dissociative · Anticonvulsant · Antidepressant · Plant Medicine · Analgesic · Antiparkinsonian · Antipsychotic · Empathogen · Neuroleptic · Cathinone

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None (3) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABA-A positive allosteric modulator'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--vote-00000068-QINU`"' (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (19) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; low sedation (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; prodrug of desmethyldiazepam (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl⁻ channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1)

None (36) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000006B-QINU`"' (1)

None (36) · 0.25 mg (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)

None (35) · 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg tablets (immediate-release and orally disintegrating); 0.5 mg, 1 mg, 2 mg, 3 mg extended-release tablets; 1 mg/mL oral concentrate (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · Lithium carbonate: immediate-release capsules (150 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg) and tablets (300 mg); extended-release tablets (300 mg, 450 mg). Lithium citrate: oral solution (8 mEq/5 mL, equivalent to 300 mg lithium carbonate per 5 mL) for patients unable to swallow tablets. (1)

None (35) · 10 mg/d (1) · N/A (never approved) (1) · No defined absolute maximum; dosing is guided by serum level monitoring. Levels above 1.5 mEq/L carry increasing toxicity risk. Levels consistently above 1.2 mEq/L are generally not maintained in clinical practice.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"' (1)

None (35) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (3) · sublingual (1)

None (35) · 30-60 min (immediate-release); 1-2 h (extended-release) (1) · Antimanic effects begin within 5-7 days of reaching therapeutic serum levels, with full response often requiring 2-3 weeks. For acute mania, a neuroleptic is typically added for rapid sedation while lithium takes effect.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000053-QINU`"' (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (36) · 6 h (immediate-release); ~11 h (extended-release) (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1)

None (35) · 11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release) (1) · Approximately 18-24 hours after acute administration; may extend to 36-48 hours with chronic dosing as tissue compartments equilibrate. Serum trough levels should be drawn 12 hours after the last dose for accurate interpretation.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"' (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1)

None (36) · 80-90% oral (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1)

None (36) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' (1)

None (36) · Not a controlled substance in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Canada, or Australia. Prescription-only in all of these jurisdictions due to the narrow therapeutic index and the need for serum monitoring. No abuse potential has been identified. (1) · Schedule IV (US) (1)