Drilldown: Medicines

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None (23) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Dalmane (1) · Doral (1) · Doriden (1) · Halcion (1) · Hetlioz (1) · Imovane (1) · K-Dur, Klor-Con, Slow-K, Micro-K, K-Lyte/Cl (1) · Lactated Ringer's Injection (Baxter, B. Braun, ICU Medical); Hartmann's solution (intl.) (1) · Lunesta (1) · Mag-Ox, Slow-Mag, MagCitrate, Milk of Magnesia (hydroxide); IV sulfate generic (1) · Mogadon (1) · Nembutal (1) · Neut, many generic; OTC oral: Alka-Seltzer (with aspirin/citric acid), baking soda (1) · Normal saline, NaCl injection, many; nebulized: HyperSal, PulmoSal (1) · Placidyl (1) · ProSom (1) · Quaalude (1) · Restoril (1) · Rohypnol (1) · Rozerem (1) · Seconal (1) · Sonata (1) · THIP (1) · Tums, Caltrate, Os-Cal, Citracal; many generics (1) · Versed (1) · Xyrem (1)

Research material · Classic Psychedelic · Stimulant · Opioid · Sedative-Hypnotic · Phenethylamine · Tryptamine · Benzodiazepine · Botanical · [[:Category:Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive]] · Dissociative · Anticonvulsant · Antidepressant · Plant Medicine · Analgesic · Antipsychotic · Antiparkinsonian · Empathogen · Neuroleptic · Cathinone

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None (4) · Cathinone analogue; monoamine reuptake inhibitor (2) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (15) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Monoamine releasing agent (4) · Monoamine releasing agent; active ingredient in khat (1) · Norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent (1) · Norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent (1) · Norepinephrine/dopamine reuptake inhibitor (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA_A receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl⁻ channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) · Serotonin releasing agent; monoamine reuptake inhibitor (1) · Serotonin/norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent (3) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000016-QINU`"' Bicarbonate is not benign: high-volume use produces hypernatremia, metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and (in arrest) paradoxical intracellular acidosis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000037-QINU`"' Hypertonic 3% is the standard urgent treatment of severely symptomatic hyponatremia'"`UNIQ--ref-00000038-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000086-QINU`"' Calcium content is a relative contraindication for co-administration with citrated blood products through the same line'"`UNIQ--ref-00000087-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001302-QINU`"' Renally cleared; accumulation in advanced CKD can produce neuromuscular and cardiac depression. Hypomagnesemia frequently co-exists with hypokalemia and is often the reason refractory potassium loss does not correct until magnesium is repleted. (1)

None (43) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000039-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000003A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000003B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000003C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000003D-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000088-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000089-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000008A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000008B-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000002EE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000002EF-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000012B7-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012B8-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012B9-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012BA-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012BB-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001303-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001304-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001305-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001306-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001307-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001308-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001309-QINU`"' (1)

None (43) · 10-20 mEq PO daily for prevention; treat established hypokalemia per measured deficit, typically 40-100 mEq/d in divided doses; IV 10 mEq/h peripheral, 20 mEq/h central with telemetry (1) · IV: 1 mEq/kg bolus in arrest indication, then titrated to ABG and clinical status; PO: 325-2000 mg up to QID as antacid (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) · Oral: 1000-1500 mg elemental calcium/day in divided doses for supplementation; IV gluconate 1 g (4.65 mEq) over 5-10 min for hyperkalemia or symptomatic hypocalcemia (1) · Replacement oxide 400-800 mg/d in divided doses (high diarrhea rate); citrate 200-400 mg/d (better tolerated, better absorbed); IV sulfate 1-2 g over 5-60 minutes for hypomagnesemia or torsades; eclampsia 4-6 g IV loading then 1-2 g/h (1) · Volume and concentration titrated to clinical status; symptomatic hyponatremia: 3% NaCl 100-150 mL bolus, reassess (1) · Volume titrated to clinical status; typical adult bolus 500-1000 mL, then reassess (1)

None (43) · 0.225%, 0.45%, 0.9%, 3%, 5% IV solutions; 0.9% nasal spray; 3% and 7% nebulizer solutions; oral tablets (1 g) (1) · 250, 500, 1000 mL IV bags. Composition per liter: Na+ 130 mEq, K+ 4 mEq, Ca2+ 3 mEq, Cl- 109 mEq, lactate 28 mEq (1) · 4.2%, 7.5%, 8.4% IV (1 mEq/mL at 8.4%); 325, 650 mg oral tablets; bulk powder (1) · 8, 10, 20, 25 mEq tablets/capsules (most ER); effervescent and oral solution; IV concentrate (must be diluted) (1) · Carbonate 200, 400, 500, 600 mg elemental tablets and chewables; citrate 200, 250, 315 mg elemental; gluconate 1 g (94 mg elemental, 4.65 mEq) IV; chloride 1 g (270 mg elemental, 13.6 mEq) IV (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · Oxide 400, 500 mg tablets (240, 300 mg elemental); citrate 100, 150, 200 mg tablets; hydroxide oral suspension 400 mg/5 mL; sulfate IV 500 mg/mL ampules (1)

None (43) · Indication-specific; renal clearance limits tolerable cumulative dosing (1) · IV peripheral 10 mEq/h (40 mEq/L); IV central 20 mEq/h with cardiac monitoring; PO single doses generally ≤40 mEq (1) · N/A (never approved) (1) · No fixed maximum; titrated to clinical endpoints (1) · No fixed maximum; titrated to pH and bicarbonate level; chronic high oral doses cause metabolic alkalosis and volume overload (1) · No fixed maximum; titrated; sodium correction rate in chronic hyponatremia must not exceed 8-10 mEq/L per 24 hours to avoid osmotic demyelination (1) · ~2500 mg elemental/d combined diet + supplements (chronic; UL) (1)

None (43) · intranasal (1) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · IV (5) · IV (gluconate or chloride for acute use) (1) · nebulized (1) · ophthalmic (1) · Oral (6) · sublingual (1)

None (43) · Acute: minutes (IV); chronic: bone effect over months (1) · Hours (PO); IV faster but rate-limited (1) · Immediate (IV) (1) · Immediate (IV); within minutes (oral antacid) (1) · Immediate intravascular expansion (1) · Oral: hours; IV: minutes (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (43) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · IV: hours, dependent on ongoing acid load; oral antacid: ~30 minutes (1) · Roughly 20-25% of an IV bolus remains intravascular at 1 hour (1) · Roughly 20-30% remains intravascular at 1 hour (1) · Variable (2) · Variable; depends on ongoing losses (1)

None (43) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · Not applicable (electrolyte and buffer) (1) · Not applicable (electrolyte solution) (1) · Not applicable (electrolyte) (1) · Not meaningfully described (electrolyte) (1) · Not meaningfully described (electrolyte; renally cleared) (1) · Not meaningfully described for an electrolyte; distribution between intra- and extracellular compartments is the relevant kinetic (1)

None (43) · 100% (IV) (1) · 100% (IV); essentially complete (oral) (1) · 100% (IV); rapidly neutralized by gastric acid (oral) (1) · 60-80% (oral) (1) · Carbonate ~30-40% (best with food and acid); citrate ~24% (absorbable without acid; preferred in achlorhydria, PPI use, post-bariatric) (1) · Highly salt-dependent: citrate ~25-30%; oxide ~4% (limited and causes osmotic diarrhea); chloride ~12% (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1)

None (43) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Generally safe at replacement doses; treat the underlying cause of hypokalemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · IV sulfate is the cornerstone of eclampsia/preeclampsia management; oral replacement also safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Routine antacid and acidosis correction acceptable (1) · Routinely supplemented in pregnancy; needs higher in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Standard fluid and electrolyte management (1) · Standard resuscitation fluid in pregnancy (1)

None (44) · OTC (oral salts) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US (1) · OTC (oral supplements) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher concentrations and IV) and OTC (low-dose supplements) in US (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for IV formulations; OTC for oral (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for parenteral formulations; OTC for oral, nasal, and many nebulizer products (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (1)