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Medicines > classes : Phenethylamine or Research material or [[:Category:SGLT2_inhibitors|SGLT2 inhibitor]]

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generic:
brand:
None (130) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Farxiga (US), Forxiga (international) (1) · Jardiance (1) · Nexus, Eroxan (historical, late-1980s through mid-1990s) (1) · O-DSMT (1)
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
5-HT2A agonist (26) · Monoamine releasing agent (9) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (8) · CB1/CB2 agonist (7) · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (5) · Potent 5-HT2A agonist (5) · LSD analogue; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Prodrug of LSD; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Serotonin/norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent (3) · None (2) · Cathinone analogue; monoamine reuptake inhibitor (2) · Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (2) · NMDA antagonist (2) · Prodrug of GHB (2)
uses:
None (132) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000278-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000279-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000027A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000027B-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000054E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000054F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000550-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000551-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None (132) · 10 mg PO once daily in the morning; 5 mg starting in heart failure (1) · 10 mg PO once daily in the morning; may titrate to 25 mg for additional glycemic effect (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)
preparations:
None (132) · 10 mg, 25 mg tablets (1) · 5 mg, 10 mg tablets (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1)
fda max:
None (132) · 10 mg/d (1) · 25 mg/d (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)
routes:
None (131) · insufflated (1) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (4) · PR (1) · sublingual (1)
onset:
None (131) · 45-75 min (oral) (1) · Glycosuria within hours; HbA1c effect at 12 weeks; cardiovascular and renal benefits over months (1) · Glycosuria within hours; HbA1c effect at 12 weeks; CV/renal benefits over months (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
None (131) · 24 hours (2) · 4-8 h (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1)
halflife:
None (131) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · Not well characterized (1) · ~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027C-QINU`"' (1) · ~12.9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000552-QINU`"' (1)
bioavailability:
None (131) · High (oral; not affected by food, but typically given with the morning meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027D-QINU`"' (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · Not well characterized (1) · ~78% (oral; high-fat meal modestly reduces but is not clinically significant)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000553-QINU`"' (1)
pregnancy:
None (131) · Avoid in second and third trimesters; fetal SGLT2 inhibition disrupts kidney development.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (2) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Not established (1)
legal:
None (132) · [[USLegal:DEA Schedule I|Schedule I]] (United States) (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (2)

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