Drilldown: Medicines

Artemisia absinthium (1) · Atropa belladonna (1) · Banisteriopsis caapi (1) · Black Drink (1) · Brugmansia (1) · Chocolate (1) · Ciprofloxacin (1) · Clindamycin (1) · Coffee (1) · Erythromycin (1) · Guarana (1) · Hyoscyamus niger (1) · Kola (1) · Levofloxacin (1) · Mandragora officinarum (1) · Mescal Bean (1) · Moxifloxacin (1) · Nitrofurantoin (1) · Ofloxacin (1) · Tea (1) · Yerba mate (1)

''Brugmansia'' spp., Angel's trumpet, ''borrachero'', ''toé'' (1) · ''Camellia sinensis'' (formerly ''Thea sinensis'') (1) · ''Coffea arabica'', ''Coffea canephora'' (robusta) (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Sophora secundiflora''. Texas mountain laurel, frijolillo (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · Avelox (oral/IV brand discontinued US); Vigamox, Moxeza (ophthalmic) (1) · Cipro, Cipro XR, Ciloxan (ophthalmic) (1) · Cleocin (oral, IV); Clindesse, Cleocin (vaginal); Clindets, Cleocin T (topical) (1) · Deadly nightshade (1) · E.E.S., EryPed, Ery-Tab, PCE, Erythrocin (lactobionate IV); topical Erygel, Akne-Mycin; ophthalmic ointment (1) · Floxin (oral, US brand discontinued); Ocuflox (ophthalmic); Floxin Otic (otic) (1) · Henbane, black henbane (1) · Levaquin (US brand discontinued); generic and ophthalmic Quixin/Iquix (1) · Macrobid (monohydrate/macrocrystals), Macrodantin (macrocrystals), Furadantin (suspension) (1) · Mandrake (1) · The ayahuasca vine, ''yagé'', ''caapi'', ''mariri'' (1) · Wormwood, absinthe, la Fée Verte, the Green Muse (1)

Research material · Classic Psychedelic · Stimulant · Opioid · Sedative-Hypnotic · Phenethylamine · Tryptamine · Benzodiazepine · Botanical · [[:Category:Antihypertensives|Antihypertensive]] · Dissociative · Anticonvulsant · Antidepressant · Plant Medicine · Analgesic · Antiparkinsonian · Antipsychotic · Empathogen · Neuroleptic · Cathinone

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None (5) · Active alkaloid is cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. NOT a classical 5-HT2A psychedelic. (1) · Active principle is thujone, a GABA-A antagonist (the opposite of most CNS depressants). Also present in cooking sage (''Salvia officinalis''), tansy, and ''Thuja'' cedars. (1) · Caffeine (1.5–2%) + theobromine + kolanin (a glycoside). (1) · Caffeine (highest of the ''Ilex'' genus) plus saponins that produce ritual vomiting at high doses. (1) · Caffeine (sometimes called 'mateine' historically, though chemically identical), theobromine, theophylline, plus polyphenols. (1) · Caffeine + theophylline + L-theanine. L-theanine (an amino acid unique to tea) modulates glutamate and produces an 'alpha-wave' calming overlay on caffeine's stimulation, hence tea's reputation as a 'cleaner' stimulant than coffee. (1) · Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine A1/A2A receptor antagonist; also weak PDE inhibition. Beans contain theobromine (3,7-DMX) and theophylline (1,3-DMX) in smaller amounts. (1) · Contains the β-carboline alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) that allow oral DMT to reach the brain. (1) · Highest natural caffeine content of any plant (2–7% by dry weight, ~2–4× coffee). Caffeine is bound to tannins, producing a slower release than pure coffee caffeine. (1) · Primary alkaloid is theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), with minor caffeine. Also contains phenethylamine, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid), tryptophan (serotonin precursor), and flavanols. The combined effect is mild stimulation + mood elevation. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine (dominant; the racemic form is atropine), scopolamine. Competitive muscarinic antagonism. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, apoatropine. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, in higher seed concentrations than belladonna or datura. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine (dominant), hyoscyamine, atropine. Competitive antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7A-QINU`"' Substantial QT-interval prolongation — the most QT-prolonging fluoroquinolone — limits use in patients on other QT-prolonging agents or with electrolyte abnormalities'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D7B-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000014BC-QINU`"' Topical ophthalmic and otic formulations remain widely used in ENT and ophthalmology. Subject to all fluoroquinolone-class restrictions (tendinitis/rupture, peripheral neuropathy, QT prolongation)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014BD-QINU`"'. (1)

'"`UNIQ--vote-00000006-QINU`"' (2) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000008-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000009-QINU`"' (5) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000065-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AE-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000CF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000747-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000748-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000081E-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000008A1-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000008A2-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000932-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000933-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000934-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000935-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000936-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000937-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CEF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF1-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF2-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF3-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CF4-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D38-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D39-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D3A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D3B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D3C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D3D-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D7F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D80-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000D81-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000143C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000143D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000143E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000143F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001440-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001441-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000014BE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014BF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C1-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C2-QINU`"' (1)

None (11) · 100 mg PO BID × 5 days (Macrobid) for cystitis; 50-100 mg HS for chronic prophylaxis (1) · 250-500 mg PO QID; 7.5-12.5 mg/kg IV q6h; topical and ophthalmic per formulation (1) · 400 mg PO/IV once daily (1) · 500-750 mg PO BID; 400 mg IV q8-12h (1) · 500-750 mg PO/IV once daily (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1) · Oral 200-400 mg BID; ophthalmic 1-2 drops in affected eye(s) q2-4h initially, then taper; otic 5-10 drops in affected ear BID (1) · Oral 300-450 mg PO QID; IV 600-900 mg q8h; topical 1% solution/gel BID; vaginal 100 mg ovule × 3 days or 2% cream × 7 days (1)

200, 300, 400 mg tablets (mostly generic now); 0.3% ophthalmic solution; 0.3% otic solution (1) · 25 mg/5 mL suspension; 25, 50, 100 mg capsules (Macrodantin); 100 mg Macrobid capsule (1) · 250, 500 mg base or stearate tablets; ER tablets; ethyl succinate 200 mg/5 mL suspension; 500 mg, 1 g IV (lactobionate); 2% topical solution/gel; 0.5% ophthalmic ointment (1) · 250, 500, 750 mg IR tablets; 500, 1000 mg ER tablets (XR); 250, 500 mg/5 mL oral suspension; 200, 400 mg IV; 0.3% ophthalmic solution and ointment; 0.2% otic (1) · 250, 500, 750 mg tablets; 25 mg/mL oral solution; 25 mg/mL IV (premix bags 250, 500, 750 mg); 0.5%, 1.5% ophthalmic solutions (1) · 400 mg tablets; 400 mg/250 mL IV; 0.5% ophthalmic solution (1) · 75, 150, 300 mg capsules; 75 mg/5 mL solution; 150 mg/mL IV; 1% topical; 2% vaginal cream (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (14) · 4 g/d (rarely tolerated due to GI effects) (1) · 4.8 g/d (IV severe infection) (1) · 400 mg/d (1) · 400 mg/d (rarely used) (1) · 750 mg/d (1) · 800 mg/d (1) · ~1500 mg/d (oral); 1200 mg/d (IV) (1)

None · Oral · IV · topical · IM · intranasal · rectal · Subcutaneous · Topical ophthalmic · ophthalmic · intramuscular · intravenous · transdermal · vaginal · Subcutaneous (abdomen · sublingual · thigh · Inhaled · SC · intra-articular

Other values:

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None (12) · 15–30 min (1) · Hours (6) · Urinary concentration adequate within hours (1) · ~15–30 min (1)

None (12) · 12 hours (1) · 12 hours (Macrobid) (1) · 24 hours (2) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · 6-8 hours (2) · 8-12 hours (1)

None (12) · 4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000938-QINU`"' (1) · ~1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3E-QINU`"' (1) · ~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D82-QINU`"' (1) · ~2.5-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001442-QINU`"' (1) · ~20-60 minutes (plasma; not the relevant kinetic since urinary concentration matters)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A3-QINU`"' (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2) · ~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF5-QINU`"' (1) · ~9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C3-QINU`"' (1)

None (13) · ~30-65% (oral; acid-labile, hence enteric-coated formulations; food affects absorption variably)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3F-QINU`"' (1) · ~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"' (1) · ~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001443-QINU`"' (1) · ~90% (oral; food increases absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A4-QINU`"' (1) · ~90% (oral; not affected by food but reduced by divalent cations)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D83-QINU`"' (1) · ~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C4-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1) · ~99% (oral; matched 1:1 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF6-QINU`"' (1)

None (13) · '''Avoid at term (38-42 weeks) and during labor''' (risk of neonatal hemolytic anemia, especially with G6PD deficiency); generally safe in earlier pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · '''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · '''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (2) · '''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern); use only when benefit clearly outweighs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe; commonly used in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1)

None (12) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · OTC (ophthalmic ointment) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for Clostridioides difficile colitis (one of the most C. difficile-inducing antibiotic classes)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001444-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D84-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C5-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin: tendinitis/tendon rupture (especially elderly, corticosteroid co-use), peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, worsening of myasthenia gravis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF7-QINU`"' (1)