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Artemisia absinthium (1) · Atropa belladonna (1) · Banisteriopsis caapi (1) · Betel (1) · Black Drink (1) · Brugmansia (1) · Chocolate (1) · Coca (1) · Coffee (1) · Dapagliflozin (1) · Empagliflozin (1) · Glimepiride (1) · Glipizide (1) · Guarana (1) · Hyoscyamus niger (1) · Khat (1) · Kola (1) · Linagliptin (1) · Mandragora officinarum (1) · Mescal Bean (1) · Metformin (1) · Mimosa hostilis (1) · Phalaris arundinaceae (1) · Pioglitazone (1) · Sitagliptin (1) · Tea (1) · Yerba mate (1)

''Areca catechu'' (the nut); ''Piper betle'' (the leaf) (1) · ''Brugmansia'' spp., Angel's trumpet, ''borrachero'', ''toé'' (1) · ''Camellia sinensis'' (formerly ''Thea sinensis'') (1) · ''Catha edulis''. Chat, qat, the Flower of Paradise (1) · ''Coffea arabica'', ''Coffea canephora'' (robusta) (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Erythroxylum coca'', ''E. novogranatense'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Mimosa tenuiflora''. Jurema preta, tepescohuite (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Sophora secundiflora''. Texas mountain laurel, frijolillo (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · Actos (1) · Amaryl (1) · Deadly nightshade (1) · Farxiga (US), Forxiga (international) (1) · Glucophage, Glucophage XR, Fortamet, Glumetza, Riomet (1) · Glucotrol, Glucotrol XL (1) · Henbane, black henbane (1) · Januvia; with metformin Janumet/Janumet XR (1) · Jardiance (1) · Mandrake (1) · Reed canary grass (1) · The ayahuasca vine, ''yagé'', ''caapi'', ''mariri'' (1) · Tradjenta; with metformin Jentadueto (1) · Wormwood, absinthe, la Fée Verte, the Green Muse (1)

None (5) · Active alkaloid is cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. NOT a classical 5-HT2A psychedelic. (1) · Active principle is thujone, a GABA-A antagonist (the opposite of most CNS depressants). Also present in cooking sage (''Salvia officinalis''), tansy, and ''Thuja'' cedars. (1) · Caffeine (1.5–2%) + theobromine + kolanin (a glycoside). (1) · Caffeine (highest of the ''Ilex'' genus) plus saponins that produce ritual vomiting at high doses. (1) · Caffeine (sometimes called 'mateine' historically, though chemically identical), theobromine, theophylline, plus polyphenols. (1) · Caffeine + theophylline + L-theanine. L-theanine (an amino acid unique to tea) modulates glutamate and produces an 'alpha-wave' calming overlay on caffeine's stimulation, hence tea's reputation as a 'cleaner' stimulant than coffee. (1) · Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine A1/A2A receptor antagonist; also weak PDE inhibition. Beans contain theobromine (3,7-DMX) and theophylline (1,3-DMX) in smaller amounts. (1) · Contains the β-carboline alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) that allow oral DMT to reach the brain. (1) · Contains varying amounts of DMT, 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenine, and gramine depending on strain and growing conditions. (1) · Highest natural caffeine content of any plant (2–7% by dry weight, ~2–4× coffee). Caffeine is bound to tannins, producing a slower release than pure coffee caffeine. (1) · Primary alkaloid is (S)-(-)-cathinone, a phenylpropanolamine close kin to amphetamine. Releases dopamine and norepinephrine. Also contains cathine (=norpseudoephedrine) and norephedrine. (1) · Primary alkaloid is arecoline, a muscarinic agonist (M1, M2, M3, M4) and partial agonist at nicotinic receptors. Produces alertness, salivation, sweating, mild euphoria. (1) · Primary alkaloid is cocaine, a tropane that blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine (and serotonin). At low oral doses from leaf chewing, the slow release favors NE-mediated alertness over DA-mediated euphoria. (1) · Primary alkaloid is theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), with minor caffeine. Also contains phenethylamine, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid), tryptophan (serotonin precursor), and flavanols. The combined effect is mild stimulation + mood elevation. (1) · Root bark contains ~1% N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and related tryptamines. Oral activity requires MAOI co-administration. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine (dominant; the racemic form is atropine), scopolamine. Competitive muscarinic antagonism. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, apoatropine. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, in higher seed concentrations than belladonna or datura. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine (dominant), hyoscyamine, atropine. Competitive antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000013-QINU`"' Does not stimulate insulin secretion; minimal hypoglycemia risk as monotherapy. Cleared renally unchanged; dose-adjust by eGFR'"`UNIQ--ref-00000014-QINU`"'. Rare lactic acidosis primarily in renal failure or acute illness. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000002D7-QINU`"' Hypoglycemia is the central risk, especially in elderly and renally impaired patients (glipizide has shorter half-life than glyburide, which is one reason it is preferred in older adults). CYP2C9 substrate; weight gain typical. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000762-QINU`"' Largely renally cleared, hence the eGFR-tiered dosing. Rare but well-documented signals: acute pancreatitis (uncertain causal contribution), severe joint pain, and bullous pemphigoid (class effect, especially in older Asian patients)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000763-QINU`"'. (1)

None (15) · 1-2 mg PO once daily with breakfast; titrate by glycemic response (1) · 10 mg PO once daily in the morning; 5 mg starting in heart failure (1) · 10 mg PO once daily in the morning; may titrate to 25 mg for additional glycemic effect (1) · 100 mg PO once daily (50 mg if CrCl 30-44; 25 mg if <30 or dialysis) (1) · 15-30 mg PO once daily; titrate to 45 mg (1) · 5 mg PO once daily (no renal dose adjustment, unlike sitagliptin) (1) · 5 mg PO once daily, 30 minutes before breakfast; XL: 5 mg with breakfast (1) · 500 mg PO once or twice daily with meals; titrate weekly to limit GI effects (1) · A ''marduuf'' bundle (~50 g fresh leaves) chewed over a couple of hours (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1)

1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg tablets (1) · 10 mg, 25 mg tablets (1) · 15, 30, 45 mg tablets (1) · 25, 50, 100 mg tablets; combination tablets with metformin (1) · 5 mg tablets; combination with metformin (1) · 5 mg, 10 mg immediate-release tablets; 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg extended-release tablets (1) · 5 mg, 10 mg tablets (1) · 500 mg, 850 mg, 1000 mg IR tablets; 500 mg, 750 mg, 1000 mg ER tablets; 500 mg/5 mL oral solution (1) · A ''betel quid'': areca nut slice + betel leaf + slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) ± tobacco ± spices, chewed (1) · Acid/base extraction of fresh young grass for tryptamines; combined with an MAOI (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh leaves and tender twigs chewed; degrades on drying (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves chewed with a pinch of slaked lime (the lime converts cocaine HCl to freebase for buccal absorption); also drunk as tea (''mate de coca'') (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root bark acid/base-extracted for DMT; or as the resurrected ''jurema preta'' brew (decocted with an MAOI such as ''Peganum harmala'') (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (19) · 10 mg/d (1) · 100 mg/d (1) · 25 mg/d (1) · 2550 mg/d (IR); 2000 mg/d (ER) (1) · 40 mg/d (IR; doses >15 mg given as divided BID); 20 mg/d (XL) (1) · 45 mg/d (1) · 5 mg/d (1) · 8 mg/d (1)

buccal); refined cocaine has its own profile (1) · inhalation (2) · Oral (22) · Oral (buccal absorption) (1) · Oral (buccal) (1) · Oral (leaf (1) · Oral (with MAOI) (2) · smoked (extracted DMT) (1) · topical (1)

None (16) · 1-2 hours (1) · 15–30 min (2) · Glucose lowering within days; HbA1c effect at 8-12 weeks (1) · Glycosuria within hours; HbA1c effect at 12 weeks; cardiovascular and renal benefits over months (1) · Glycosuria within hours; HbA1c effect at 12 weeks; CV/renal benefits over months (1) · HbA1c effect at 12-16 weeks (slower than other classes) (1) · Postprandial glucose effect within days; HbA1c by 12 weeks (2) · Within 30 minutes (IR) (1) · ~15–30 min (1)

None (16) · 24 hours (6) · 2–4 h (1) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · ~12 hours (IR); 24 hours (ER) (1) · ~12-24 hours (1)

None (17) · 2-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000002D9-QINU`"' (1) · 6.2 hours (plasma); ~17 hours in erythrocytes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"' (1) · ~12 hours (effective); terminal much longer'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117C-QINU`"' (1) · ~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027C-QINU`"' (1) · ~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000765-QINU`"' (1) · ~12.9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000552-QINU`"' (1) · ~3-7 hours (parent); 16-24 hours including active metabolites'"`UNIQ--ref-00000824-QINU`"' (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2) · ~5-9 hours (parent and active metabolites combined)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000492-QINU`"' (1)

None (18) · 50-60% (oral; decreased with food, but food given anyway for GI tolerance)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral; absorption not affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000825-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral; not affected by food, but typically given with the morning meal)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027D-QINU`"' (1) · ~100% (oral; food delays absorption, hence pre-meal dosing for IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-000002DA-QINU`"' (1) · ~100% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000493-QINU`"' (1) · ~30% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117D-QINU`"' (1) · ~78% (oral; high-fat meal modestly reduces but is not clinically significant)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000553-QINU`"' (1) · ~87% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000766-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)

None (18) · Avoid in second and third trimesters; fetal SGLT2 inhibition disrupts kidney development.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (2) · Avoid; switch to insulin. Hypoglycemia in newborn reported.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Avoid; switch to insulin. Neonatal hypoglycemia reported.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Generally considered safe; widely used in PCOS and gestational diabetes; placental transfer occurs.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1) · Limited data; switch to insulin where feasible.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (3)

None (14) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (7) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for heart failure (do not initiate in NYHA III/IV; can precipitate or worsen HF in any patient)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000826-QINU`"' (1)