Drilldown: Medicines

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Medicines (732)

Medicines > classes

: Plant Medicine

or [[:Category:Loop_diuretics|Loop diuretic]]

& routes: Oral

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Artemisia absinthium (1) · Atropa belladonna (1) · Banisteriopsis caapi (1) · Black Drink (1) · Brugmansia (1) · Bumetanide (1) · Chocolate (1) · Coffee (1) · Furosemide (1) · Guarana (1) · Hyoscyamus niger (1) · Kola (1) · Mandragora officinarum (1) · Mescal Bean (1) · Tea (1) · Torsemide (1) · Yerba mate (1)

''Brugmansia'' spp., Angel's trumpet, ''borrachero'', ''toé'' (1) · ''Camellia sinensis'' (formerly ''Thea sinensis'') (1) · ''Coffea arabica'', ''Coffea canephora'' (robusta) (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Sophora secundiflora''. Texas mountain laurel, frijolillo (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · Bumex (1) · Deadly nightshade (1) · Demadex, Soaanz (1) · Henbane, black henbane (1) · Lasix (1) · Mandrake (1) · The ayahuasca vine, ''yagé'', ''caapi'', ''mariri'' (1) · Wormwood, absinthe, la Fée Verte, the Green Muse (1)

None (2) · Active alkaloid is cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. NOT a classical 5-HT2A psychedelic. (1) · Active principle is thujone, a GABA-A antagonist (the opposite of most CNS depressants). Also present in cooking sage (''Salvia officinalis''), tansy, and ''Thuja'' cedars. (1) · Caffeine (1.5–2%) + theobromine + kolanin (a glycoside). (1) · Caffeine (highest of the ''Ilex'' genus) plus saponins that produce ritual vomiting at high doses. (1) · Caffeine (sometimes called 'mateine' historically, though chemically identical), theobromine, theophylline, plus polyphenols. (1) · Caffeine + theophylline + L-theanine. L-theanine (an amino acid unique to tea) modulates glutamate and produces an 'alpha-wave' calming overlay on caffeine's stimulation, hence tea's reputation as a 'cleaner' stimulant than coffee. (1) · Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine A1/A2A receptor antagonist; also weak PDE inhibition. Beans contain theobromine (3,7-DMX) and theophylline (1,3-DMX) in smaller amounts. (1) · Contains the β-carboline alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) that allow oral DMT to reach the brain. (1) · Highest natural caffeine content of any plant (2–7% by dry weight, ~2–4× coffee). Caffeine is bound to tannins, producing a slower release than pure coffee caffeine. (1) · Primary alkaloid is theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), with minor caffeine. Also contains phenethylamine, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid), tryptophan (serotonin precursor), and flavanols. The combined effect is mild stimulation + mood elevation. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine (dominant; the racemic form is atropine), scopolamine. Competitive muscarinic antagonism. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, apoatropine. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, in higher seed concentrations than belladonna or datura. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine (dominant), hyoscyamine, atropine. Competitive antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000B40-QINU`"' The TRANSFORM-HF trial (2023) found no all-cause mortality difference between torsemide and furosemide in heart failure, although torsemide remains pharmacologically preferred where furosemide oral absorption is unreliable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B41-QINU`"'. (1)

None (11) · 0.5-1 mg PO/IV once or twice daily; titrate to clinical response. Approximate equipotency: bumetanide 1 mg ≈ furosemide 40 mg ≈ torsemide 20 mg (1) · 10-20 mg PO/IV once daily; titrate by clinical response. 1:1 IV to PO conversion (unlike furosemide's 1:2) (1) · 20-40 mg PO/IV; titrate by clinical response. In diuretic-resistant heart failure or CKD, doses to 200 mg or higher may be needed (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1)

0.5, 1, 2 mg tablets; 0.25 mg/mL IV (1) · 20, 40, 80 mg tablets; 10 mg/mL oral solution; 10 mg/mL IV (1) · 5, 10, 20, 100 mg tablets; 10 mg/mL IV (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (14) · 200 mg/d typical practical ceiling (1) · 600 mg/d typical practical ceiling in heart failure (1) · ~10 mg/d typical (1)

None (12) · 15–30 min (1) · IV: 5 minutes; PO: 30-60 minutes (1) · PO 1 hour; IV 10 minutes (1) · PO 30-60 minutes; IV minutes (1) · ~15–30 min (1)

None (12) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · 4-6 hours (1) · 6-8 hours (1) · IV: ~2 hours; PO: 6-8 hours (1)

None (12) · 1-1.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE3-QINU`"' (1) · 1.5-2 hours (longer in renal failure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000222-QINU`"' (1) · 3-4 hours (similar between PO and IV due to high oral bioavailability)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B46-QINU`"' (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2)

None (13) · ~50% (oral; highly variable, 10-100%, hence the standard 1:2 IV-to-PO conversion)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000223-QINU`"' (1) · ~80% (oral; predictable absorption — a substantive practical advantage over furosemide whose oral absorption is 10-100% variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B47-QINU`"' (1) · ~80-95% (oral; more reliable than furosemide, comparable to torsemide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE4-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)

None (13) · Avoid where possible; can reduce uteroplacental perfusion and produce neonatal electrolyte disturbance. Reserved for compelling indications.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) · Avoid where possible; class concerns as for other loop diuretics.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (2) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1)

None (11) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (3)