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None (130) · ''Areca catechu'' (the nut); ''Piper betle'' (the leaf) (1) · ''Brugmansia'' spp., Angel's trumpet, ''borrachero'', ''toé'' (1) · ''Camellia sinensis'' (formerly ''Thea sinensis'') (1) · ''Catha edulis''. Chat, qat, the Flower of Paradise (1) · ''Coffea arabica'', ''Coffea canephora'' (robusta) (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Erythroxylum coca'', ''E. novogranatense'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Mimosa tenuiflora''. Jurema preta, tepescohuite (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Sophora secundiflora''. Texas mountain laurel, frijolillo (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Deadly nightshade (1) · Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, Slow Fe; mostly generic and OTC (1) · Folvite; mostly generic (1) · Henbane, black henbane (1) · Mandrake (1) · Many OTC and Rx; Nascobal (intranasal); generic injection (1) · O-DSMT (1) · Reed canary grass (1) · The ayahuasca vine, ''yagé'', ''caapi'', ''mariri'' (1) · Wormwood, absinthe, la Fée Verte, the Green Muse (1)

5-HT2A agonist (26) · Monoamine releasing agent (9) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (8) · CB1/CB2 agonist (7) · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (5) · Potent 5-HT2A agonist (5) · LSD analogue; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · Prodrug of LSD; 5-HT2A agonist (4) · None (3) · Serotonin/norepinephrine/dopamine releasing agent (3) · Cathinone analogue; monoamine reuptake inhibitor (2) · Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (2) · NMDA antagonist (2) · Prodrug of GHB (2)

Other values:

None (146) · 0.4 mg PO daily (general prevention); 0.8-1 mg/d in pregnancy; 4 mg/d for women with prior NTD-affected pregnancy; 1 mg/d during methotrexate therapy (1) · 325 mg PO daily to TID (=65 mg elemental iron/tablet); alternate-day dosing is now favored by hepcidin physiology for better absorption with less GI burden (1) · A ''marduuf'' bundle (~50 g fresh leaves) chewed over a couple of hours (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1) · Replacement: 1000 mcg IM daily for 1 week, then weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly; or 1000-2000 mcg PO daily (effective even in pernicious anemia via passive diffusion); intranasal 500 mcg weekly (1)

None (131) · 0.4, 0.8, 1 mg OTC; 1 mg Rx; 5 mg/mL injection (1) · 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 mcg tablets (OTC and Rx); 1000 mcg/mL injection; intranasal spray; sublingual (1) · 325 mg tablets (65 mg elemental Fe); 220 mg/5 mL liquid (44 mg elemental Fe/5 mL); 142 mg/mL drops; OTC and Rx (1) · A ''betel quid'': areca nut slice + betel leaf + slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) ± tobacco ± spices, chewed (1) · Acid/base extraction of fresh young grass for tryptamines; combined with an MAOI (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh leaves and tender twigs chewed; degrades on drying (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves chewed with a pinch of slaked lime (the lime converts cocaine HCl to freebase for buccal absorption); also drunk as tea (''mate de coca'') (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root bark acid/base-extracted for DMT; or as the resurrected ''jurema preta'' brew (decocted with an MAOI such as ''Peganum harmala'') (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (150) · 1 mg/d typical Rx; higher in specific indications (1) · N/A (never approved) (1) · No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity (1) · ~200 mg elemental iron/d typical practical limit (1)

None (131) · buccal); refined cocaine has its own profile (1) · IM (2) · inhalation (2) · intranasal (1) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · IV (2) · Oral (18) · Oral (buccal absorption) (1) · Oral (buccal) (1) · Oral (leaf (1) · Oral (with MAOI) (2) · SC (2) · smoked (extracted DMT) (1) · sublingual (2) · topical (1)

None (147) · 15–30 min (2) · Hematologic response within days (1) · Reticulocyte response at 3-5 days; neurologic recovery weeks to months (and may be incomplete if longstanding) (1) · Reticulocyte response at 7-10 days; hemoglobin rise of ~1 g/dL per 3 weeks (1) · ~15–30 min (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (147) · 2–4 h (1) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · N/A (replacement) (3)

None (148) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · N/A (incorporated into hemoglobin and tissue stores) (1) · ~0.5 hours plasma; tissue retention longer (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2) · ~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years (1)

None (149) · 10-20% (oral; reduced by food, calcium, antacids, PPIs, tea/coffee; enhanced by ascorbate) (1) · High (oral) (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100% (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)

None (149) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1) · Routinely supplemented in pregnancy and preconception to prevent neural tube defects.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1) · Routinely used; iron requirements rise substantially in pregnancy and lactation.[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] (1)

None (146) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled (1) · OTC (low-dose) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (1 mg, injectable) in US (1) · OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US (1) · OTC in US (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1)