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Drilldown: Medicines

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Medicines > classes : Sedative-Hypnotic or Stimulant or hydroxide)]]

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generic:
brand:
None (51) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Benzedrex (1) · Dalmane (1) · Doral (1) · Doriden (1) · Halcion (1) · Hetlioz (1) · Imovane (1) · Lunesta (1) · Mag-Ox, Slow-Mag, MagCitrate, Milk of Magnesia (hydroxide); IV sulfate generic (1) · Mogadon (1) · Nembutal (1) · Placidyl (1) · ProSom (1) · Quaalude (1) · Restoril (1) · Rohypnol (1) · Rozerem (1) · Seconal (1) · Sonata (1) · THIP (1) · Versed (1) · Xyrem (1)
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
GABAA positive allosteric modulator (15) · Monoamine releasing agent (8) · Dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (5) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · None (2) · Cathinone analogue; monoamine reuptake inhibitor (2) · Dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (2) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (2)
uses:
None (72) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001303-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001304-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001305-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001306-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001307-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001308-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001309-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None (72) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) · Replacement oxide 400-800 mg/d in divided doses (high diarrhea rate); citrate 200-400 mg/d (better tolerated, better absorbed); IV sulfate 1-2 g over 5-60 minutes for hypomagnesemia or torsades; eclampsia 4-6 g IV loading then 1-2 g/h (1)
preparations:
None (72) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · Oxide 400, 500 mg tablets (240, 300 mg elemental); citrate 100, 150, 200 mg tablets; hydroxide oral suspension 400 mg/5 mL; sulfate IV 500 mg/mL ampules (1)
fda max:
None (72) · Indication-specific; renal clearance limits tolerable cumulative dosing (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)
routes:
None (72) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · IV (1) · Oral (2) · sublingual (1)
onset:
None (72) · Oral: hours; IV: minutes (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
None (72) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · Variable (1)
halflife:
None (72) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · Not meaningfully described (electrolyte; renally cleared) (1)
bioavailability:
None (72) · Highly salt-dependent: citrate ~25-30%; oxide ~4% (limited and causes osmotic diarrhea); chloride ~12% (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1)
pregnancy:
None (72) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · IV sulfate is the cornerstone of eclampsia/preeclampsia management; oral replacement also safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1)
legal:
None (73) · OTC (oral salts) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US (1)

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