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: Sedative-Hypnotic

or Tryptamine

or non-stimulant ADHD agent

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None (35) · (none, never marketed) (1) · Dalmane (1) · Doral (1) · Doriden (1) · Halcion (1) · Hetlioz (1) · Imovane (1) · Lunesta (1) · Mogadon (1) · Nembutal (1) · Placidyl (1) · ProSom (1) · Qelbree (1) · Quaalude (1) · Restoril (1) · Rohypnol (1) · Rozerem (1) · Seconal (1) · Sonata (1) · THIP (1) · Versed (1) · Xyrem (1)

None (2) · 5-HT2A agonist (15) · 5-HT2A agonist; 5-HT3 antagonist (1) · 5-HT2A agonist; minor psilocybin mushroom alkaloid (1) · 5-HT2A agonist; primarily auditory effects (1) · 5-HT2A agonist; sigma-1 agonist (1) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (15) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Monoamine releasing agent; 5-HT2A agonist; MAO inhibitor (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Potent 5-HT2A agonist; sigma-1 agonist (1) · Prodrug of 4-HO-DET; 5-HT2A agonist (1) · Prodrug of 4-HO-DiPT; 5-HT2A agonist (1) · Prodrug of 4-HO-MET; 5-HT2A agonist (1) · Prodrug of 4-HO-MiPT; 5-HT2A agonist (1) · Prodrug of psilocin; 5-HT2A agonist (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) · Selective NET inhibitor (no significant DAT activity, distinguishes from amphetamine/methylphenidate). Also: 5HT1A receptor partial agonism, 5HT2B and 5HT7 receptor antagonism. The serotonergic actions may underlie better tolerability and possibly different efficacy spectrum than atomoxetine. (1)

None (55) · ADHD in children (6+), adolescents, and adults (FDA-approved 2021 for pediatric, 2022 for adult) (1) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1)

None (55) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) · Pediatric 6-11: 100 mg PO daily, titrate weekly to max 400 mg. Adolescent 12-17: 200 mg, max 400 mg. Adult: 200 mg, max 600 mg. (1)

None (55) · 100 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg extended-release capsules (can be sprinkled on food) (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1)

None (55) · 400 mg/d (pediatric); 600 mg/d (adult) (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)

None (55) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (2) · sublingual (1)

None (55) · ADHD symptom improvement reported within 1-2 weeks (faster than atomoxetine which takes 4-6 weeks) (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (55) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · Daily dosing (1)

None (55) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · ~7 hours (1)

None (55) · Adequate oral bioavailability with extended-release formulation (1) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1)

None (55) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Limited data (1)

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