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Medicines > classes : Sedative-hypnotic or Xanthine & routes: Oral

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generic:
Bromazolam (1) · Coffee (1)
brand:
''Coffea arabica'', ''Coffea canephora'' (robusta) (1) · (none, never marketed) (1)
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine A1/A2A receptor antagonist; also weak PDE inhibition. Beans contain theobromine (3,7-DMX) and theophylline (1,3-DMX) in smaller amounts. (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1)
uses:
No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000CF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D1-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1)
preparations:
Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1)
fda max:
None (1) · N/A (never approved) (1)
routes: (Click arrow to add another value)
onset:
~15–30 min (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
3–5 h (subjective) (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1)
halflife:
Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (1)
bioavailability:
Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)
pregnancy:
Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1)
legal:
None (1) · Unrestricted (food) (1)

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