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: Tryptamine

or [[:Category:Anticonvulsants|Anticonvulsant]]

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None (26) · Altace (1) · Apresoline (historical); mostly generic; combination with isosorbide dinitrate marketed as BiDil for self-identified Black patients with HFrEF (1) · Avapro (1) · Benicar (1) · Calan, Calan SR, Verelan, Verelan PM, Isoptin SR (1) · Cardizem, Tiazac, Cartia XT, Dilacor XR, Taztia XT, Matzim LA (1) · Cardura, Cardura XL (1) · Coreg, Coreg CR (1) · Cozaar (1) · Diovan; Entresto (in fixed-dose combination with sacubitril) (1) · Hytrin (US brand discontinued); mostly generic (1) · Kapvay (ER, ADHD), Catapres (IR, antihypertensive), Catapres-TTS (transdermal patch), Duraclon (epidural injection) (1) · Keppra (IR), Keppra XR, Spritam (3D-printed orally disintegrating), Roweepra (1) · Klonopin (1) · Lamictal (IR), Lamictal XR, Lamictal ODT (1) · Lotensin (1) · Lyrica (IR), Lyrica CR (1) · Micardis (1) · Microzide; mostly prescribed generically (1) · Mysoline (1) · Neurontin (IR), Gralise (ER), Horizant (gabapentin enacarbil ER) (1) · Norvasc, Katerzia (1) · Procardia, Procardia XL, Adalat CC, Afeditab CR (1) · Tegretol (IR, XR, suspension), Carbatrol (ER), Equetro (ER for bipolar), Epitol (1) · Tenormin (1) · Thalitone; mostly prescribed generically (1) · Timoptic (ophthalmic), Timoptic-XE (gel-forming once-daily), Istalol (once-daily 0.5%), Betimol; Blocadren (oral, discontinued in many markets); combination eye drops Combigan (with brimonidine), Cosopt (with dorzolamide) (1) · Topamax (IR), Trokendi XR, Qudexy XR, Eprontia (oral solution); component of Qsymia (with phentermine) (1) · Trandate, Normodyne (discontinued in US) (1) · Trileptal (IR), Oxtellar XR (1) · Valium (oral, IV/IM, rectal), Diastat (rectal gel for breakthrough seizures), Valtoco (nasal spray for breakthrough seizures), Libervant (buccal film) (1) · Vasotec, Vasotec IV, Epaned (1) · Zestril, Prinivil, Qbrelis (1)

None (27) · 1 mg PO at bedtime to limit first-dose syncope; titrate weekly to 5-10 mg (1) · 10 mg PO once daily (5 mg if on a diuretic); titrate to 40 mg (1) · 12.5-25 mg PO once daily (1) · 12.5-25 mg PO once daily; titrate to 50 mg (1) · 150 mg PO once daily; titrate to 300 mg if needed (1) · 2.5 mg PO once daily (1.25 mg in CHF or volume depletion); titrate to 5-10 mg/d (1) · 2.5-5 mg PO once daily; titrate to 10 mg/d (1) · 20 mg PO once daily; titrate to 40 mg/d after 2 weeks if needed (1) · 25-50 mg PO once daily; titrate to 100 mg/day (1) · 300 mg PO at bedtime night 1, 300 mg BID day 2, 300 mg TID day 3; titrate to clinical effect, commonly 1800-3600 mg/day divided TID (1) · 40 mg PO once daily; titrate to 80 mg (1) · 5-10 mg PO once daily (2.5 mg if on diuretic or in heart failure); titrate to 10-20 mg BID for HFrEF (1) · 5-10 mg PO once daily (2.5 mg in heart failure, hyponatremia, or volume depletion) (1) · 50 mg PO daily (25 mg in volume depletion or hepatic impairment) (1) · 80-160 mg PO once daily (40 mg BID in HFrEF, titrating up to 160 mg BID) (1) · ADHD (Kapvay ER): 0.1 mg PO at bedtime, titrate weekly to 0.4 mg/day divided BID. HTN (IR): 0.1 mg PO BID, titrate by 0.1 mg increments (1) · Adult monotherapy: 300 mg PO BID, titrate by 300 mg every 3 days. Pediatric: weight-based titration starting 8-10 mg/kg/day divided BID (1) · Adult: 500 mg PO BID, titrate by 1000 mg/day every 2 weeks. Pediatric: 10-20 mg/kg/day divided BID, weight-titrated (1) · Anxiety: 0.25 mg PO BID, titrate by 0.125-0.25 mg every 3 days to target 1-4 mg/day divided. Seizures: 1.5 mg/day divided TID, titrate by 0.5-1 mg every 3 days (1) · Anxiety: 2-10 mg PO 2-4 times daily. Alcohol withdrawal: 10-20 mg PO/IV every 4-6 hours, symptom-triggered. Status epilepticus: 5-10 mg IV. Breakthrough seizures: Diastat rectal 0.2-0.5 mg/kg or Valtoco intranasal 5-20 mg (1) · ER 180-240 mg PO once daily; IR 30 mg PO QID; IV 0.25 mg/kg over 2 min for acute rate control, then 5-15 mg/h infusion (1) · ER 30-60 mg PO once daily; immediate-release 10 mg PO TID (now rarely used for hypertension due to reflex tachycardia) (1) · Heart failure: 3.125 mg PO BID, doubling every 2 weeks as tolerated to target 25 mg BID (50 mg BID if >85 kg). Hypertension: 6.25 mg PO BID, titrate to 25 mg BID (1) · IR 1 mg PO at bedtime, titrate weekly; XL 4-8 mg PO daily (1) · IR 80-120 mg PO TID; ER 180-240 mg PO daily; IV 2.5-5 mg over 2 min for SVT termination (under monitoring); cluster prophylaxis up to 480-960 mg/d in divided doses (1) · Migraine: 25 mg PO at bedtime, titrate by 25 mg weekly to target 100 mg/day divided BID. Seizures: 25-50 mg/day, titrate weekly to 200-400 mg/day divided BID (1) · Neuropathic pain: 75 mg PO BID, titrate to 150 mg BID after 1 week. Fibromyalgia: 75 mg PO BID, titrate to 150 mg BID. Anxiety (off-label): 75-150 mg/day divided BID-TID (1) · Ophthalmic: 1 drop 0.5% in affected eye(s) BID (or once daily for XE / Istalol). Oral hypertension: 10 mg PO BID, titrate to 60 mg/day. Migraine prophylaxis: 10 mg BID, titrate to 30 mg/day (1) · Oral: 100 mg PO BID, titrate to 400 mg BID. IV: 20 mg over 2 minutes, repeat 40-80 mg every 10 minutes as needed (maximum cumulative 300 mg); continuous infusion 2 mg/minute (1) · PO 10 mg QID; IV 5-10 mg every 20-30 minutes for hypertensive emergency (1) · Seizures: 100-125 mg PO at bedtime x 3 days, then BID, then TID, escalating to 750-1500 mg/day. Essential tremor: 25-50 mg PO at bedtime, titrate slowly to 250-750 mg/day (1) · Seizures: 200 mg PO BID, titrate by 200 mg/week to 800-1200 mg/day. Trigeminal neuralgia: 100-200 mg BID, titrate to 200-400 mg TID. Bipolar: 200 mg BID, titrate to 1600 mg/day (1)

None (26) · 1, 2, 4, 8 mg IR tablets; 4, 8 mg XL tablets (1) · 1, 2, 5, 10 mg capsules and tablets (1) · 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 mg capsules (1) · 10, 20 mg IR capsules; 30, 60, 90 mg ER tablets (1) · 10, 25, 50, 100 mg tablets; 20 mg/mL IV (1) · 12.5 mg capsules; 12.5, 25, 50 mg tablets (1) · 15 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg tablets (1) · 2.5, 5, 10 mg tablets; 1 mg/mL oral suspension (1) · 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg tablets; 1 mg/mL oral solution (Epaned); 1.25 mg/mL IV (enalaprilat) (1) · 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 mg tablets; 1 mg/mL oral solution (1) · 20, 40, 80 mg tablets (1) · 25 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg tablets (1) · 40, 80, 160, 320 mg tablets; oral suspension (1) · 5, 10, 20, 40 mg tablets (1) · 5, 20, 40 mg tablets (1) · 75, 150, 300 mg tablets (1) · Capsules 100, 300, 400 mg; tablets 600, 800 mg; oral solution 250 mg/5 mL; Gralise ER tablets 300, 600 mg (once-daily); Horizant ER tablets 300, 600 mg (gabapentin enacarbil, an inactive parent compound metabolized to gabapentin in vivo) (1) · Capsules 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 225, 300 mg; oral solution 20 mg/mL; Lyrica CR tablets 82.5, 165, 330 mg (1) · IR 30, 60, 90, 120 mg tablets; multiple ER capsules and tablets 60-420 mg; IV 5 mg/mL (1) · IR 40, 80, 120 mg tablets; SR/ER 100-360 mg; IV 2.5 mg/mL (1) · IR tablets 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg; ER tablets 0.1, 0.2 mg (Kapvay); transdermal patches 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/24h (TTS-1/2/3, weekly); epidural injection (Duraclon) (1) · IR tablets 150, 300, 600 mg; oral suspension 60 mg/mL; XR tablets 150, 300, 600 mg (Oxtellar) (1) · IR tablets 200 mg; chewable 100 mg; oral suspension 100 mg/5 mL; XR tablets 100, 200, 400 mg (Tegretol XR); ER capsules 100, 200, 300 mg (Carbatrol, Equetro) (1) · IR tablets 25, 100, 150, 200 mg; chewable dispersible tablets 2, 5, 25 mg; ODT 25, 50, 100, 200 mg; XR tablets 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300 mg (1) · IR tablets 25, 50, 100, 200 mg; sprinkle capsules 15, 25 mg; Trokendi XR capsules 25, 50, 100, 200 mg; Qudexy XR capsules; Eprontia oral solution 25 mg/mL (1) · IR tablets 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg; XR tablets 500, 750 mg; oral solution 100 mg/mL; injection 100 mg/mL; Spritam ODT 250, 500, 750, 1000 mg (1) · IR tablets 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg; Coreg CR capsules 10, 20, 40, 80 mg (once-daily) (1) · Tablets 0.5, 1, 2 mg; orally disintegrating tablets 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 mg (1) · Tablets 100, 200, 300 mg; injection 5 mg/mL (1) · Tablets 2, 5, 10 mg; oral solution 1, 5 mg/mL; injection 5 mg/mL; Diastat rectal gel 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg; Valtoco nasal spray 5, 7.5, 10 mg/dose; Libervant buccal film (1) · Tablets 25, 50, 100 mg (1) · Tablets 5, 10, 20 mg; ophthalmic solution 0.25%, 0.5%; ophthalmic gel-forming solution 0.25%, 0.5% (Timoptic-XE) (1) · Tablets 50, 250 mg (1)

None (26) · 10 mg/d (1) · 100 mg/d (1) · 100 mg/d (rarely used) (1) · 100-200 mg/day depending on indication (1) · 120 mg/d (ER); IR not for chronic hypertension (1) · 1200 mg/day (adult seizures); 1600 mg/day (bipolar mania) (1) · 16 mg/d (IR); 8 mg/d (XL) (1) · 1600 mg/day (theoretical seizure dosing); practical use 400 mg/day for seizures, 100-200 mg/day for migraine prophylaxis (1) · 2 g/day (seizures); typically much lower for essential tremor (1) · 2.4 mg/day (HTN, IR); 0.4 mg/day (ADHD, Kapvay) (1) · 20 mg/d (1) · 20 mg/d (hypertension); 10 mg/d (other indications typical) (1) · 20 mg/day (seizures); commonly limited to 4 mg/day for anxiety in current practice (1) · 2400 mg/day (adult) (1) · 2400 mg/day (oral); 300 mg total per IV bolus dosing series (1) · 300 mg/d (1) · 300 mg/d typical practical limit (toxicity rises sharply above) (1) · 3000 mg/day (1) · 320 mg/d (hypertension); 320 mg/d (HF) (1) · 3600 mg/day; off-label doses higher are common but bioavailability saturates well below this (1) · 40 mg/d (2) · 40 mg/day (oral, anxiety) (1) · 400 mg/day (bipolar monotherapy); 700 mg/day (epilepsy with enzyme-inducing comedication) (1) · 50 mg BID in heart failure (or once-daily equivalent CR); 25 mg BID in hypertension (1) · 50 mg/d (hypertension); up to 200 mg/d (edema) (1) · 60 mg/day (oral, hypertension); 0.5% BID (ophthalmic) (1) · 600 mg/day (seizures); 450 mg/day (fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain) (1) · 80 mg/d (3) · ~480 mg/d (oral) for cardiovascular indications; higher off-label for cluster (1) · ~480 mg/d (oral); IV per protocol (1)

None (26) · buccal (1) · epidural injection (1) · IM (2) · intranasal (1) · intravenous (2) · IV (5) · MI reports) (1) · multiple ER formulations) (1) · ophthalmic (1) · Oral (30) · Oral (IR (1) · Oral (IR and multiple ER) (1) · Oral; sublingual IR is discouraged (uncontrolled BP drops (1) · rectal (1) · transdermal (1)

None (26) · 1-2 weeks for neuropathic pain and anxiolytic effect; anticonvulsant effect at therapeutic plasma level (1) · 15-60 minutes (oral); 1-5 minutes (IV); 4-10 minutes (rectal or intranasal) (1) · 20-60 minutes (1) · 30-60 min (IR oral); 2-3 days to steady state (transdermal patch) (1) · Anticonvulsant effect emerges with slow titration over weeks; tremor effect over weeks (1) · Anticonvulsant effect within days at therapeutic level; migraine prophylaxis effect emerges over 2-3 months (1) · Anticonvulsant effect within days at therapeutic plasma level (1) · Anticonvulsant effect within days at therapeutic plasma level; rapid titration possible (1) · Anticonvulsant effect within days; trigeminal neuralgia relief 24-72 hours; mood-stabilizing effect over weeks (1) · Antiepileptic effect within days at therapeutic level; mood-stabilizing effect emerges over weeks (1) · Antihypertensive effect within 1 week; heart-failure mortality benefit accrues over months of titration (1) · BP and symptomatic LUTS improvement within 1-2 weeks (2) · BP effect 1 hour; max at 4-6 hours (1) · BP effect 1-2 hours; max at 6 hours (1) · BP effect 1-2 weeks; antihypertensive peak 3-6 weeks (1) · BP effect 1-2 weeks; max at 2-3 weeks (1) · BP effect 2 hours; max at 4-6 weeks (1) · BP effect within 1-2 weeks (2) · BP effect within 24 hours; full effect at 1-2 weeks (long half-life) (1) · BP effect within hours (oral); 5-10 minutes (IV) (1) · BP effect within hours (oral); IOP reduction within 30 minutes, full effect 1-2 weeks (ophthalmic) (1) · BP effect within hours; full effect over 1-2 weeks (1) · BP lowering within 1 hour; max at 6 hours (1) · BP lowering within 1 hour; max effect at 6 hours (1) · Diuresis at 2 hours; antihypertensive effect within days, max at 3-4 weeks (1) · Diuresis at 2-3 hours; BP effect over weeks (1) · IR 20 minutes; ER ~6 hours (1) · IV: 1-3 minutes (SVT termination); PO IR: 30-60 minutes; ER: hours (1) · IV: 3-7 minutes (rate control); PO IR: 30-60 minutes; ER: hours (1) · IV: 5-20 minutes; PO: 30-60 minutes (1) · Neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia effect emerges over 1-2 weeks (1)

None (26) · 12 hours (oral BID); 24 hours (Timoptic-XE) (1) · 12-24 hours (1) · 12-24 hours (IR BID); 24 hours (ER once-daily) (1) · 24 hours (11) · 24 hours (often divided BID at higher doses) (1) · 24 hours (once-daily dosing supported by long elimination) (1) · 48-72 hours per dose (much longer than hydrochlorothiazide) (1) · 6-12 hours (1) · 6-12 hours (long-acting among benzodiazepines) (1) · 6-24 hours (parent); much longer when accounting for the long-lived active metabolites (1) · 8-12 hours (IR); ~7 days (transdermal patch) (1) · 8-12 hours (oral); 4-6 hours (IV) (1) · BID dosing (IR); once-daily (XR) (2) · BID-QID dosing (IR); BID for ER formulations (1) · BID-TID dosing (1) · BID-TID dosing for IR; once-daily for CR (1) · IR 4-8 hours; ER 24 hours (1) · IR: 4-8 hours; ER: 24 hours (1) · IR: 6-8 hours; ER: 24 hours (1) · IV: 1-4 hours; PO: 3-8 hours (1) · TID dosing for IR; once-daily for ER formulations (1) · ~12 hours (IR); 24 hours (CR) (1)

None (27) · '''[[USLegal:Schedule V|Schedule V controlled substance]] in US (federally)''', distinct from gabapentin which remains federally unscheduled'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (24) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''Federally non-controlled despite being a barbiturate''', a paradoxical situation given that its primary active metabolite phenobarbital is Schedule IV'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning for serious skin reactions''' including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, with the risk concentrated in the first 2-8 weeks of therapy and elevated by rapid titration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, like guanfacine and unlike the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the benzodiazepine class '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of fatal respiratory depression, coma, and death when combined with opioids'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (2)