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Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (1) · Bisacodyl (1) · Budesonide (1) · Cefdinir (1) · Celecoxib (1) · Cephalexin (1) · Clindamycin (1) · Cyproheptadine (hydrochloride) (1) · Docusate (sodium or calcium) (1) · Enalapril (and enalaprilat IV) (1) · Erythromycin (1) · Fexofenadine (1) · Lactulose (1) · Lorazepam (1) · Penicillin V (phenoxymethylpenicillin) (1) · Phenazopyridine (1) · Polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) (1) · Torsemide (1)

Allegra, Allegra Allergy 24 Hour, Mucinex Allergy (combo) — all now OTC in US (1) · Ativan (oral, injectable), Loreev XR (1) · Celebrex (oral capsules), Elyxyb (oral solution, for acute migraine) (1) · Cleocin (oral, IV); Clindesse, Cleocin (vaginal); Clindets, Cleocin T (topical) (1) · Colace (sodium), Surfak (calcium); many generics OTC (1) · Demadex, Soaanz (1) · Dulcolax, Correctol, Bisac-Evac (1) · E.E.S., EryPed, Ery-Tab, PCE, Erythrocin (lactobionate IV); topical Erygel, Akne-Mycin; ophthalmic ointment (1) · Generic; huge OTC presence (1) · Keflex, Daxbia, Panixine; mostly prescribed generically (1) · Kristalose, Constulose, Generlac, Enulose (1) · MiraLAX (OTC), GlycoLax, GoLYTELY (with electrolytes for bowel prep), CoLyte, MoviPrep, NuLYTELY (1) · Omnicef (discontinued in US under brand); mostly generic (1) · Pen-V, Veetids (mostly generic) (1) · Periactin (US brand discontinued; generic widely available) (1) · Pulmicort (inhaled), Rhinocort (intranasal), Entocort EC and Uceris (enteric-coated oral for IBD), Symbicort (with formoterol) (1) · Pyridium (Rx), Azo Standard, AZO Urinary Pain Relief (OTC) (1) · Vasotec, Vasotec IV, Epaned (1)

None (13) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"' Anticholinergic and sedating, with the standard first-generation antihistamine Beers-list concerns in elderly patients'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000B40-QINU`"' The TRANSFORM-HF trial (2023) found no all-cause mortality difference between torsemide and furosemide in heart failure, although torsemide remains pharmacologically preferred where furosemide oral absorption is unreliable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B41-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000CC9-QINU`"' Mostly excreted unchanged in feces and urine; P-glycoprotein substrate (the basis of the fruit-juice interaction). (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001067-QINU`"' Chronic use is associated with cathartic colon (colonic dilation, loss of haustration), hypokalemia, and laxative dependence; reserved for short-term use or bowel prep with breaks between courses'"`UNIQ--ref-00001068-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000132D-QINU`"' Electrolyte-balanced bowel-prep formulations are designed to be iso-osmotic with plasma so the volume passes through without net fluid or electrolyte shifts, the basis of their safety for whole-bowel evacuation. (1)

10-20 mg PO/IV once daily; titrate by clinical response. 1:1 IV to PO conversion (unlike furosemide's 1:2) (1) · 100-200 mg PO once or twice daily; pediatric weight-based (1) · 100-200 mg PO TID after meals × no more than 2 days when used with concurrent antibiotic (1) · 250-500 mg PO every 6-8 hours (1) · 250-500 mg PO QID; 7.5-12.5 mg/kg IV q6h; topical and ophthalmic per formulation (1) · 300 mg PO BID, or 600 mg PO once daily, ×5-10 days; pediatric 14 mg/kg/d (1) · 5-10 mg PO once daily (2.5 mg if on diuretic or in heart failure); titrate to 10-20 mg BID for HFrEF (1) · 5-15 mg PO once at bedtime; 10 mg PR for faster effect; bowel prep regimens use higher single doses (1) · 500 mg PO every 6 hours, or 250 mg every 6 hours for mild infections (1) · 60 mg PO BID or 180 mg PO once daily (1) · Allergy: 4 mg PO TID. Serotonin syndrome: 12 mg loading dose PO or by nasogastric tube, then 2 mg every 2 hours until clinical improvement. Appetite stimulation: 2-4 mg PO TID-QID (1) · Anxiety: 0.5-1 mg PO BID-TID. Insomnia: 1-2 mg PO at bedtime. Status epilepticus: 4 mg IV (adult), repeat after 5-10 minutes if needed. Acute agitation: 1-2 mg IM (1) · Constipation: 15-30 mL PO daily (titrate to 1-2 soft stools/day); hepatic encephalopathy: 20-30 g (30-45 mL) PO/PR every 1-2 hours acutely until soft stools, then BID-QID to target 2-3 soft stools/day (1) · Constipation: 17 g (one capful) PO daily dissolved in 4-8 oz fluid; bowel prep: 4 L of PEG-electrolyte solution split-dose evening before and morning of procedure (1) · General supplementation 75-90 mg/d (RDA); scurvy treatment 100-1000 mg/d for several weeks; megadose claims unsupported (1) · ICS Pulmicort Flexhaler 180-360 mcg BID; intranasal Rhinocort 64 mcg/spray, 1-2 sprays/nostril daily; Entocort EC 9 mg PO daily for active Crohn's; Symbicort 80/4.5 or 160/4.5 mcg, 2 puffs BID (1) · Oral 300-450 mg PO QID; IV 600-900 mg q8h; topical 1% solution/gel BID; vaginal 100 mg ovule × 3 days or 2% cream × 7 days (1) · Osteoarthritis: 200 mg PO once daily or 100 mg BID. Rheumatoid arthritis: 100-200 mg PO BID. Acute pain: 400 mg loading, then 200 mg every 12 hours (1)

10 g/15 mL solution (Constulose); 10 g, 20 g powder packets (Kristalose) (1) · 100, 250, 500, 1000 mg tablets, chewables, gummies, effervescent; IV (specialty) (1) · 17 g (OTC) and 14 g (Rx) powder packets; 238, 510, 527 g bottles; PEG-electrolyte preparations 4 L (GoLYTELY, NuLYTELY) (1) · 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg tablets; 1 mg/mL oral solution (Epaned); 1.25 mg/mL IV (enalaprilat) (1) · 250 mg, 500 mg tablets; 125 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL suspension (1) · 250 mg, 500 mg, 750 mg capsules; 250 mg/5 mL, 125 mg/5 mL suspension; tablets (1) · 250, 500 mg base or stearate tablets; ER tablets; ethyl succinate 200 mg/5 mL suspension; 500 mg, 1 g IV (lactobionate); 2% topical solution/gel; 0.5% ophthalmic ointment (1) · 30, 60, 180 mg tablets; 30 mg ODT; 6 mg/mL oral suspension; all OTC (1) · 300 mg capsules; 125, 250 mg/5 mL suspension (1) · 5 mg enteric-coated tablets; 10 mg rectal suppositories; OTC and Rx (1) · 5, 10, 20, 100 mg tablets; 10 mg/mL IV (1) · 50, 100, 250 mg capsules; 50 mg/5 mL syrup; OTC (1) · 75, 150, 300 mg capsules; 75 mg/5 mL solution; 150 mg/mL IV; 1% topical; 2% vaginal cream (1) · 95 mg (OTC), 99.5 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg tablets (1) · Capsules 50, 100, 200, 400 mg; Elyxyb oral solution 25 mg/mL (1) · Pulmicort Flexhaler DPI 90, 180 mcg/dose; Pulmicort Respules 0.25, 0.5, 1 mg/2 mL nebulized; Rhinocort intranasal 32 mcg/spray; Entocort EC 3 mg capsules; Uceris 9 mg ER tablets and rectal foam (1) · Tablets 0.5, 1, 2 mg; oral concentrate 2 mg/mL; injection 2 mg/mL and 4 mg/mL; Loreev XR capsules 1, 2, 3 mg (1) · Tablets 4 mg; oral syrup 2 mg/5 mL (1)

10 mg/day (anxiety, oral) (1) · 180 mg/d (adults) (1) · 2 g/d typical (1) · 200 mg/d typical practical ceiling (1) · 30 mg/d for short-term use (1) · 32 mg/day adult; weight-based pediatric ceiling (1) · 4 g/d (1) · 4 g/d (rarely tolerated due to GI effects) (1) · 4.8 g/d (IV severe infection) (1) · 40 mg/d (1) · 400 mg/day for chronic indications; higher for short-term acute pain (1) · 600 mg/d (1) · ICS ~1280 mcg/d; intranasal 256 mcg/d; Entocort 9 mg/d standard (1) · Indication-specific; bowel prep regimens reach 4 L cumulative (1) · Indication-specific; HE may require high-volume dosing (1) · Limit to 48 hours of use to avoid hemolysis and methemoglobinemia (1) · UL 2000 mg/d in adults (1) · ~500 mg/d typical (1)

especially in acute HE) (1) · IM (1) · Inhaled (1) · intramuscular (1) · intranasal (1) · intravenous (1) · IV (5) · nebulized (1) · ophthalmic (1) · Oral (17) · oral (enteric-coated (1) · rectal (2) · rectal (enema (1) · rectal foam) (1) · topical (2) · vaginal (1)

1-2 hours (1) · 1-3 days (1) · 30-60 minutes (2) · 30-60 minutes (oral); 5 minutes (IV); 15-30 minutes (IM) (1) · BP effect 1 hour; max at 4-6 hours (1) · Constipation: 1-3 days; bowel prep: 1-3 hours after starting (1) · Constipation: 24-48 hours; HE: ammonia reduction within hours of stool production (1) · Days for symptom improvement in scurvy (1) · Hours (5) · Inhaled: bronchial effect 1-2 weeks; oral GI effect 1-2 weeks (1) · PO 1 hour; IV 10 minutes (1) · PO 6-12 hours; PR 15-60 minutes (1) · Symptom relief within 30 minutes (1)

12-15 hours (intermediate); '''no active metabolites''' (key clinical feature)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"' (1) · 3-4 hours (similar between PO and IV due to high oral bioavailability)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B46-QINU`"' (1) · 8-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"' (1) · Not meaningfully described (1) · Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption) (1) · Not meaningfully described — lactulose is not significantly absorbed (1) · Variable; effect dependent on local intestinal action rather than systemic kinetics'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106B-QINU`"' (1) · ~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F2-QINU`"' (1) · ~1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3E-QINU`"' (1) · ~1.7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E4-QINU`"' (1) · ~10-20 days (steady-state body pool); single dose plasma ~2 hours (1) · ~11 hours (enalaprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B84-QINU`"' (1) · ~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"' (1) · ~14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCC-QINU`"' (1) · ~2-3.6 hours (plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A5-QINU`"' (1) · ~2.5-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001442-QINU`"' (1) · ~30-60 minutes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E76-QINU`"' (1) · ~7-10 hours (variable; longer in renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB4-QINU`"' (1)

16-21% capsule, 25% suspension (oral; iron and antacids reduce absorption substantially)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E5-QINU`"' (1) · 90% (oral; food delays but does not reduce absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F3-QINU`"' (1) · <0.1% systemic absorption (PEG 3350 is too large to absorb intact) (1) · <3% systemic absorption (the basis of the safety and mechanism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F5E-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB5-QINU`"' (1) · Local action; minimal systemic effect (1) · Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"' (1) · ~30-65% (oral; acid-labile, hence enteric-coated formulations; food affects absorption variably)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3F-QINU`"' (1) · ~33% (oral; fruit juices including grapefruit, orange, and apple reduce absorption substantially via OATP1A2 inhibition — distinctive interaction not seen with most other H1s)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCD-QINU`"' (1) · ~6-13% inhaled lung deposition; ~10% oral (Entocort EC; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 — this is the basis of the favorable hepatic-targeted local-effect profile in IBD)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A6-QINU`"' (1) · ~60% (oral; food does not affect absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B85-QINU`"' (1) · ~60% (oral; phenoxymethyl modification makes it acid-stable, unlike penicillin G which is destroyed by gastric acid)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E77-QINU`"' (1) · ~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg) (1) · ~80% (oral; predictable absorption — a substantive practical advantage over furosemide whose oral absorption is 10-100% variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B47-QINU`"' (1) · ~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"' (1) · ~90% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001443-QINU`"' (1) · ~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"' (1)

OTC (intranasal Rhinocort Allergy) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US (1) · OTC (lower doses) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US (1) · OTC (MiraLAX) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (electrolyte solutions for bowel prep) in US (1) · OTC (ophthalmic ointment) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US (1) · OTC in US (4) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (8) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for Clostridioides difficile colitis (one of the most C. difficile-inducing antibiotic classes)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001444-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the benzodiazepine class '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of fatal respiratory depression, coma, and death when combined with opioids'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"' (1)