Drilldown: Medicines

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (1) · Bisacodyl (1) · Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) (1) · Docusate (sodium or calcium) (1) · Ferrous sulfate (1) · Folic acid (folate, pteroylglutamic acid) (1) · Indomethacin (1) · Lactulose (1) · Polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) (1) · Tramadol (1)

Colace (sodium), Surfak (calcium); many generics OTC (1) · Dulcolax, Correctol, Bisac-Evac (1) · Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, Slow Fe; mostly generic and OTC (1) · Folvite; mostly generic (1) · Generic; huge OTC presence (1) · Indocin (oral, IV, suppository), Tivorbex (low-dose), Indo-Lemmon (1) · Kristalose, Constulose, Generlac, Enulose (1) · Many OTC and Rx; Nascobal (intranasal); generic injection (1) · MiraLAX (OTC), GlycoLax, GoLYTELY (with electrolytes for bowel prep), CoLyte, MoviPrep, NuLYTELY (1) · Ultram (IR), Ultram ER, ConZip ER (1)

potent non-selective)]] (1) · weak μ-agonist with serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibition)]] (1) · [[:Category:Analgesics|Analgesic]] (2) · [[:Category:Antioxidants|Antioxidant]] (1) · [[:Category:B-vitamins|B-vitamin]] (2) · [[:Category:Bowel_preparation_agents|Bowel preparation agent]] (1) · [[:Category:Diphenylmethane_laxatives|Diphenylmethane laxative]] (1) · [[:Category:Disaccharides|Non-absorbable disaccharide]] (1) · [[:Category:Hematinics|Hematinic]] (3) · [[:Category:Hepatic_encephalopathy_treatments|Hepatic encephalopathy treatment]] (1) · [[:Category:Iron_supplements|Iron supplement]] (1) · [[:Category:NSAIDs|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID (1) · [[:Category:Opioid analgesics|Opioid analgesic (atypical (1) · [[:Category:Osmotic_laxatives|Osmotic laxative]] (2) · [[:Category:Schedule IV controlled substances|Schedule IV controlled substance]] (1) · [[:Category:Stimulant_laxatives|Stimulant laxative]] (1) · [[:Category:Stool_softeners|Stool softener]] (1) · [[:Category:Surfactants|Surfactant]] (1) · [[:Category:Vitamins|Vitamin]] (3) · [[:Category:Water-soluble_vitamins|Water-soluble vitamin]] (1)

None (8) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001067-QINU`"' Chronic use is associated with cathartic colon (colonic dilation, loss of haustration), hypokalemia, and laxative dependence; reserved for short-term use or bowel prep with breaks between courses'"`UNIQ--ref-00001068-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000132D-QINU`"' Electrolyte-balanced bowel-prep formulations are designed to be iso-osmotic with plasma so the volume passes through without net fluid or electrolyte shifts, the basis of their safety for whole-bowel evacuation. (1)

'"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000022-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000023-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000024-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000025-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000059A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000059B-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B3-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B4-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B5-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B6-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000607-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000608-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000609-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000060A-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F5C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F5D-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000106A-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E5-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E6-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E7-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E8-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000132E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000132F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001330-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001341-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001342-QINU`"' (1)

0.4 mg PO daily (general prevention); 0.8-1 mg/d in pregnancy; 4 mg/d for women with prior NTD-affected pregnancy; 1 mg/d during methotrexate therapy (1) · 100-200 mg PO once or twice daily; pediatric weight-based (1) · 325 mg PO daily to TID (=65 mg elemental iron/tablet); alternate-day dosing is now favored by hepcidin physiology for better absorption with less GI burden (1) · 5-15 mg PO once at bedtime; 10 mg PR for faster effect; bowel prep regimens use higher single doses (1) · Acute gout: 50 mg PO TID until symptom relief, then taper; maximum 200 mg/day for 3-5 days. Rheumatoid arthritis / osteoarthritis: 25-50 mg PO BID-TID. Patent ductus arteriosus: 0.2 mg/kg IV, then 0.1-0.2 mg/kg every 12-24 hours for 2 doses (1) · Constipation: 15-30 mL PO daily (titrate to 1-2 soft stools/day); hepatic encephalopathy: 20-30 g (30-45 mL) PO/PR every 1-2 hours acutely until soft stools, then BID-QID to target 2-3 soft stools/day (1) · Constipation: 17 g (one capful) PO daily dissolved in 4-8 oz fluid; bowel prep: 4 L of PEG-electrolyte solution split-dose evening before and morning of procedure (1) · General supplementation 75-90 mg/d (RDA); scurvy treatment 100-1000 mg/d for several weeks; megadose claims unsupported (1) · IR: 25-50 mg PO every 4-6 hours as needed, titrate as tolerated. ER: 100 mg PO once daily, titrate by 100 mg every 5 days (1) · Replacement: 1000 mcg IM daily for 1 week, then weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly; or 1000-2000 mcg PO daily (effective even in pernicious anemia via passive diffusion); intranasal 500 mcg weekly (1)

0.4, 0.8, 1 mg OTC; 1 mg Rx; 5 mg/mL injection (1) · 10 g/15 mL solution (Constulose); 10 g, 20 g powder packets (Kristalose) (1) · 100, 250, 500, 1000 mg tablets, chewables, gummies, effervescent; IV (specialty) (1) · 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 mcg tablets (OTC and Rx); 1000 mcg/mL injection; intranasal spray; sublingual (1) · 17 g (OTC) and 14 g (Rx) powder packets; 238, 510, 527 g bottles; PEG-electrolyte preparations 4 L (GoLYTELY, NuLYTELY) (1) · 325 mg tablets (65 mg elemental Fe); 220 mg/5 mL liquid (44 mg elemental Fe/5 mL); 142 mg/mL drops; OTC and Rx (1) · 5 mg enteric-coated tablets; 10 mg rectal suppositories; OTC and Rx (1) · 50, 100, 250 mg capsules; 50 mg/5 mL syrup; OTC (1) · Capsules 25, 50 mg; ER capsules 75 mg; oral suspension 25 mg/5 mL; suppositories 50 mg; injection 1 mg/vial (PDA closure) (1) · IR tablets 50 mg; ER tablets 100, 200, 300 mg (Ultram ER, ConZip); oral solution 5 mg/mL; combination products with acetaminophen (Ultracet) (1)

1 mg/d typical Rx; higher in specific indications (1) · 200 mg/day (typical adult oral) (1) · 30 mg/d for short-term use (1) · 400 mg/day (IR, adult); 300 mg/day (ER); 300 mg/day in elderly >75 years (1) · Indication-specific; bowel prep regimens reach 4 L cumulative (1) · Indication-specific; HE may require high-volume dosing (1) · No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity (1) · UL 2000 mg/d in adults (1) · ~200 mg elemental iron/d typical practical limit (1) · ~500 mg/d typical (1)

especially in acute HE) (1) · IM (2) · intranasal (1) · intravenous (PDA closure only) (1) · IV (3) · Oral (10) · rectal (3) · rectal (enema (1) · SC (2) · sublingual (1)

1-3 days (1) · 30-60 minutes (IR) (1) · 30-60 minutes (oral); rapid relief in acute gout (1) · Constipation: 1-3 days; bowel prep: 1-3 hours after starting (1) · Constipation: 24-48 hours; HE: ammonia reduction within hours of stool production (1) · Days for symptom improvement in scurvy (1) · Hematologic response within days (1) · PO 6-12 hours; PR 15-60 minutes (1) · Reticulocyte response at 3-5 days; neurologic recovery weeks to months (and may be incomplete if longstanding) (1) · Reticulocyte response at 7-10 days; hemoglobin rise of ~1 g/dL per 3 weeks (1)

None · 24 hours · 4-6 hours · 12 hours · 6-8 hours · Daily dosing · 8-12 hours · 12-24 hours · Hours · Hours per application · 24 hours (HS dosing) · 24 hours (once-daily dosing) · 24 h · N/A · N/A (replacement) · Variable · ~7-8 hours · 3-5 hours · 4-6 hours (IR); 24 hours (ER) · 6-12 hours

Other values:

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4-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) · N/A (incorporated into hemoglobin and tissue stores) (1) · Not meaningfully described (1) · Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption) (1) · Not meaningfully described — lactulose is not significantly absorbed (1) · Tramadol 6-7 hours; M1 active metabolite 7-9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"' (1) · Variable; effect dependent on local intestinal action rather than systemic kinetics'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106B-QINU`"' (1) · ~0.5 hours plasma; tissue retention longer (1) · ~10-20 days (steady-state body pool); single dose plasma ~2 hours (1) · ~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years (1)

10-20% (oral; reduced by food, calcium, antacids, PPIs, tea/coffee; enhanced by ascorbate) (1) · <0.1% systemic absorption (PEG 3350 is too large to absorb intact) (1) · <3% systemic absorption (the basis of the safety and mechanism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F5E-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral) (1) · Local action; minimal systemic effect (1) · Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"' (1) · Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100% (1) · ~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) · ~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg) (1) · ~75% (IR, rises with multi-dose administration due to saturable first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"' (1)

Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning; contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure, which is paradoxically the basis of the neonatal PDA-closure indication)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) · Chronic third-trimester exposure produces neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and respiratory depression at delivery.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered acceptable for short-term use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe (minimal systemic absorption).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe due to minimal systemic absorption.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Routinely supplemented in pregnancy and preconception to prevent neural tube defects.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Routinely used; iron requirements rise substantially in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Safe at routine doses; routinely supplemented in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1)

OTC (low-dose) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (1 mg, injectable) in US (1) · OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US (1) · OTC (MiraLAX) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (electrolyte solutions for bowel prep) in US (1) · OTC in US (4) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (2) · [[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US (federally scheduled 2014); some states schedule higher'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"' (1)