Drilldown: Medicines

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) (1) · Bisacodyl (1) · Brimonidine (1) · Cefuroxime (axetil oral, sodium IV) (1) · Ciprofloxacin (1) · Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) (1) · Docusate (sodium or calcium) (1) · Ferrous sulfate (1) · Folic acid (folate, pteroylglutamic acid) (1) · Ketotifen (1) · Lactulose (1) · Loperamide (1) · Metronidazole (1) · Polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) (1)

Alphagan P (ophthalmic glaucoma), Mirvaso (topical rosacea) (1) · Ceftin (oral), Zinacef (IV) (1) · Cipro, Cipro XR, Ciloxan (ophthalmic) (1) · Colace (sodium), Surfak (calcium); many generics OTC (1) · Dulcolax, Correctol, Bisac-Evac (1) · Feosol, Fer-In-Sol, Slow Fe; mostly generic and OTC (1) · Flagyl, Metrocream, Metrogel, Metrogel-Vaginal, Noritate (1) · Folvite; mostly generic (1) · Generic; huge OTC presence (1) · Imodium, Imodium A-D (1) · Kristalose, Constulose, Generlac, Enulose (1) · Many OTC and Rx; Nascobal (intranasal); generic injection (1) · MiraLAX (OTC), GlycoLax, GoLYTELY (with electrolytes for bowel prep), CoLyte, MoviPrep, NuLYTELY (1) · Zaditor, Alaway (ophthalmic, OTC); Zaditen (systemic, outside US) (1)

gut-restricted)]] (1) · [[:Category:Alpha-2_agonists|Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist]] (1) · [[:Category:Antibacterials|Antibacterial (anaerobic)]] (1) · [[:Category:Antibacterials|Antibacterial]] (1) · [[:Category:Antidiarrheals|Antidiarrheal]] (1) · [[:Category:Antioxidants|Antioxidant]] (1) · [[:Category:Antiprotozoals|Antiprotozoal]] (1) · [[:Category:B-vitamins|B-vitamin]] (2) · [[:Category:Beta-lactam_antibiotics|β-lactam antibiotic]] (1) · [[:Category:Bowel_preparation_agents|Bowel preparation agent]] (1) · [[:Category:Cephalosporins|Cephalosporin (second-generation)]] (1) · [[:Category:Diphenylmethane_laxatives|Diphenylmethane laxative]] (1) · [[:Category:Disaccharides|Non-absorbable disaccharide]] (1) · [[:Category:Fluoroquinolones|Fluoroquinolone antibiotic]] (1) · [[:Category:Glaucoma_medications|Glaucoma medication]] (1) · [[:Category:H1_receptor_antagonists|Histamine H1 receptor antagonist]] (1) · [[:Category:Hematinics|Hematinic]] (3) · [[:Category:Hepatic_encephalopathy_treatments|Hepatic encephalopathy treatment]] (1) · [[:Category:Iron_supplements|Iron supplement]] (1) · [[:Category:Mast_cell_stabilizers|Mast cell stabilizer]] (1) · [[:Category:Nitroimidazoles|Nitroimidazole antibiotic]] (1) · [[:Category:Ocular_hypotensive_agents|Ocular hypotensive agent]] (1) · [[:Category:Ophthalmic_antihistamines|Ophthalmic antihistamine]] (1) · [[:Category:Opioid_receptor_agonists|Peripheral opioid receptor agonist (μ-selective (1) · [[:Category:Osmotic_laxatives|Osmotic laxative]] (2) · [[:Category:Stimulant_laxatives|Stimulant laxative]] (1) · [[:Category:Stool_softeners|Stool softener]] (1) · [[:Category:Surfactants|Surfactant]] (1) · [[:Category:Vitamins|Vitamin]] (3) · [[:Category:Water-soluble_vitamins|Water-soluble vitamin]] (1)

None (11) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001067-QINU`"' Chronic use is associated with cathartic colon (colonic dilation, loss of haustration), hypokalemia, and laxative dependence; reserved for short-term use or bowel prep with breaks between courses'"`UNIQ--ref-00001068-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001284-QINU`"' Systemic oral ketotifen (available outside US) has historical use for asthma adjunct therapy via the same dual mechanism, but oral use produces sedation and weight gain — the topical ophthalmic application largely avoids both'"`UNIQ--ref-00001285-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000132D-QINU`"' Electrolyte-balanced bowel-prep formulations are designed to be iso-osmotic with plasma so the volume passes through without net fluid or electrolyte shifts, the basis of their safety for whole-bowel evacuation. (1)

'"`UNIQ--vote-0000059A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000059B-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B3-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B4-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B5-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000005B6-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000607-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000608-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000609-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000060A-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000932-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000933-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000934-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000935-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000936-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000937-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BE3-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BE4-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BE5-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BE6-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BE7-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BE8-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BE9-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BEA-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F5C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F5D-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FCF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FD0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FD1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FF3-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FF4-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FF5-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FF6-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FF7-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FF8-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000106A-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000010CE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000010CF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000010D0-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001286-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E5-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E6-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E7-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000012E8-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000132E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000132F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001330-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001341-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001342-QINU`"' (1)

0.4 mg PO daily (general prevention); 0.8-1 mg/d in pregnancy; 4 mg/d for women with prior NTD-affected pregnancy; 1 mg/d during methotrexate therapy (1) · 100-200 mg PO once or twice daily; pediatric weight-based (1) · 250-500 mg PO BID × 7-14 days; IV 1.5 g q8h for serious infections (1) · 325 mg PO daily to TID (=65 mg elemental iron/tablet); alternate-day dosing is now favored by hepcidin physiology for better absorption with less GI burden (1) · 4 mg PO initially, then 2 mg after each loose stool, '''not to exceed 16 mg/d''' (8 mg OTC); chronic-use lower (1) · 5-15 mg PO once at bedtime; 10 mg PR for faster effect; bowel prep regimens use higher single doses (1) · 500 mg PO TID × 7-10 days (most indications); 2 g single dose for trichomoniasis; 500 mg IV q8h for severe anaerobic infection; rectal 1 g BID (1) · 500-750 mg PO BID; 400 mg IV q8-12h (1) · Constipation: 15-30 mL PO daily (titrate to 1-2 soft stools/day); hepatic encephalopathy: 20-30 g (30-45 mL) PO/PR every 1-2 hours acutely until soft stools, then BID-QID to target 2-3 soft stools/day (1) · Constipation: 17 g (one capful) PO daily dissolved in 4-8 oz fluid; bowel prep: 4 L of PEG-electrolyte solution split-dose evening before and morning of procedure (1) · General supplementation 75-90 mg/d (RDA); scurvy treatment 100-1000 mg/d for several weeks; megadose claims unsupported (1) · Ophthalmic 1 drop in affected eye(s) TID; topical Mirvaso 0.33% gel applied to face daily (1) · Ophthalmic 1 drop in each eye every 8-12 hours (1) · Replacement: 1000 mcg IM daily for 1 week, then weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly; or 1000-2000 mcg PO daily (effective even in pernicious anemia via passive diffusion); intranasal 500 mcg weekly (1)

0.025%, 0.035% ophthalmic solutions (1) · 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2% ophthalmic solutions; 0.33% topical gel; combinations with timolol (Combigan) and brinzolamide (Simbrinza) (1) · 0.4, 0.8, 1 mg OTC; 1 mg Rx; 5 mg/mL injection (1) · 10 g/15 mL solution (Constulose); 10 g, 20 g powder packets (Kristalose) (1) · 100, 250, 500, 1000 mg tablets, chewables, gummies, effervescent; IV (specialty) (1) · 100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 mcg tablets (OTC and Rx); 1000 mcg/mL injection; intranasal spray; sublingual (1) · 125, 250, 500 mg tablets; 125 mg/5 mL, 250 mg/5 mL suspension; 750 mg, 1.5 g IV vials (1) · 17 g (OTC) and 14 g (Rx) powder packets; 238, 510, 527 g bottles; PEG-electrolyte preparations 4 L (GoLYTELY, NuLYTELY) (1) · 2 mg capsules and tablets; 1 mg/5 mL oral solution; combined with simethicone (Imodium Multi-Symptom) (1) · 250, 500 mg tablets; 750 mg ER; 500 mg/100 mL IV; 0.75-1% topical gel/cream; 0.75% vaginal gel; suppository (1) · 250, 500, 750 mg IR tablets; 500, 1000 mg ER tablets (XR); 250, 500 mg/5 mL oral suspension; 200, 400 mg IV; 0.3% ophthalmic solution and ointment; 0.2% otic (1) · 325 mg tablets (65 mg elemental Fe); 220 mg/5 mL liquid (44 mg elemental Fe/5 mL); 142 mg/mL drops; OTC and Rx (1) · 5 mg enteric-coated tablets; 10 mg rectal suppositories; OTC and Rx (1) · 50, 100, 250 mg capsules; 50 mg/5 mL syrup; OTC (1)

1 drop per eye q8-12h (1) · 1 g/d (oral); 6 g/d (IV) (1) · 1 mg/d typical Rx; higher in specific indications (1) · 16 mg/d (8 mg/d OTC) (1) · 30 mg/d for short-term use (1) · Indication-specific; bowel prep regimens reach 4 L cumulative (1) · Indication-specific; HE may require high-volume dosing (1) · No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity (1) · TID per eye (1) · UL 2000 mg/d in adults (1) · ~1500 mg/d (oral); 1200 mg/d (IV) (1) · ~200 mg elemental iron/d typical practical limit (1) · ~4 g/d (severe systemic infection) (1) · ~500 mg/d typical (1)

especially in acute HE) (1) · IM (3) · intranasal (1) · IV (6) · Oral (12) · otic (1) · rectal (2) · rectal (enema (1) · SC (2) · sublingual (1) · topical (1) · Topical ophthalmic (3) · topical skin (1) · vaginal (1)

1-3 days (1) · 30-60 minutes (1) · Constipation: 1-3 days; bowel prep: 1-3 hours after starting (1) · Constipation: 24-48 hours; HE: ammonia reduction within hours of stool production (1) · Days for symptom improvement in scurvy (1) · Hematologic response within days (1) · Hours (3) · IOP lowering at 1 hour; max at 2-3 hours (1) · PO 6-12 hours; PR 15-60 minutes (1) · Reticulocyte response at 3-5 days; neurologic recovery weeks to months (and may be incomplete if longstanding) (1) · Reticulocyte response at 7-10 days; hemoglobin rise of ~1 g/dL per 3 weeks (1) · Within minutes (1)

None · 24 hours · 4-6 hours · 12 hours · 6-8 hours · Daily dosing · 8-12 hours · 12-24 hours · Hours · Hours per application · 24 hours (HS dosing) · 24 hours (once-daily dosing) · 24 h · N/A · N/A (replacement) · Variable · ~7-8 hours · 3-5 hours · 4-6 hours (IR); 24 hours (ER) · 6-12 hours

Other values:

Search

4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000938-QINU`"' (1) · 6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEB-QINU`"' (1) · N/A (incorporated into hemoglobin and tissue stores) (1) · Not meaningfully described (1) · Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption) (1) · Not meaningfully described for ophthalmic use'"`UNIQ--ref-00001287-QINU`"' (1) · Not meaningfully described — lactulose is not significantly absorbed (1) · Variable; effect dependent on local intestinal action rather than systemic kinetics'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106B-QINU`"' (1) · ~0.5 hours plasma; tissue retention longer (1) · ~1.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FF9-QINU`"' (1) · ~10-20 days (steady-state body pool); single dose plasma ~2 hours (1) · ~3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D1-QINU`"' (1) · ~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years (1) · ~9-14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD2-QINU`"' (1)

10-20% (oral; reduced by food, calcium, antacids, PPIs, tea/coffee; enhanced by ascorbate) (1) · <0.1% systemic absorption (PEG 3350 is too large to absorb intact) (1) · <3% systemic absorption (the basis of the safety and mechanism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F5E-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral) (1) · Local action; minimal systemic effect (1) · Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"' (1) · Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100% (1) · Topical with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001288-QINU`"' (1) · Topical; clinically meaningful systemic absorption can produce systemic α2 effects (somnolence, hypotension), especially in children'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D2-QINU`"' (1) · ~0.3% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the intestinal and blood-brain barriers limit systemic and CNS exposure at therapeutic doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD3-QINU`"' (1) · ~37% (oral, as axetil prodrug; food modestly improves absorption)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FFA-QINU`"' (1) · ~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"' (1) · ~70-90% at typical doses; saturable at high doses (>500 mg) (1) · ~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEC-QINU`"' (1)

'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern); use only when benefit clearly outweighs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered acceptable for short-term use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe (minimal systemic absorption).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe (minimal systemic exposure).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe after the first trimester; first-trimester use weighed against indication.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe due to minimal systemic absorption.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limited data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Routinely supplemented in pregnancy and preconception to prevent neural tube defects.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Routinely used; iron requirements rise substantially in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Safe at routine doses; routinely supplemented in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1)

None (1) · OTC (low-dose) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (1 mg, injectable) in US (1) · OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US (1) · OTC (MiraLAX) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (electrolyte solutions for bowel prep) in US (1) · OTC in US (6) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (4)