Drilldown: Medicines

None (1) · 2C-B (1) · Artemisia absinthium (1) · Atropa belladonna (1) · Banisteriopsis caapi (1) · Black Drink (1) · Brugmansia (1) · Chocolate (1) · Coffee (1) · Dexmethylphenidate (1) · Duloxetine (1) · Guarana (1) · Haloperidol (1) · Hyoscyamus niger (1) · Kola (1) · LSD (1) · Mandragora officinarum (1) · Mescal Bean (1) · Methylphenidate (1) · Nutmeg (1) · Tea (1) · Yerba mate (1)

''Brugmansia'' spp., Angel's trumpet, ''borrachero'', ''toé'' (1) · ''Camellia sinensis'' (formerly ''Thea sinensis'') (1) · ''Coffea arabica'', ''Coffea canephora'' (robusta) (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Myristica fragrans''. Mace (the fruit aril) (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Sophora secundiflora''. Texas mountain laurel, frijolillo (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle, Irenka, Yentreve (1) · Deadly nightshade (1) · Delysid (historical, Sandoz, withdrawn 1965) (1) · Focalin, Focalin XR (1) · Haldol, Serenace, Haldol Decanoate (1) · Henbane, black henbane (1) · Mandrake (1) · Nexus, Eroxan (historical, late-1980s through mid-1990s) (1) · Nuplazid (1) · Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Concerta, Metadate CD, Daytrana, Quillivant XR (1) · The ayahuasca vine, ''yagé'', ''caapi'', ''mariri'' (1) · Wormwood, absinthe, la Fée Verte, the Green Muse (1)

2C-x series (1) · Antidepressant (1) · Antiemetic (1) · Anxiolytic (1) · Caffeine plant (7) · Classic Psychedelic (1) · CNS stimulant (1) · Daimonica (4) · Empathogenica (1) · Ergoline (1) · Excitantia (7) · Lysergamide (1) · MAOI (1) · NDRI (2) · Phantastica (2) · Phenethylamine (1) · Plant Med (1) · Plant Medicine (14) · Psychedelic (1) · Psychostimulant (2) · Rhapsodica (1) · Selective 5HT2A inverse agonist (with weaker 5HT2C inverse agonism) (1) · SNRI (1) · Tropane alkaloid plant (4) · Typical antipsychotic (1) · Xanthine (1)

5-HT2A partial agonist (2) · Active alkaloid is cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. NOT a classical 5-HT2A psychedelic. (1) · Active oils are myristicin, elemicin, and safrole, phenethylamine precursors that may be aminated in vivo to MMDA, TMA, and MDA respectively (Shulgin's 'essential amphetamines' hypothesis). (1) · Active principle is thujone, a GABA-A antagonist (the opposite of most CNS depressants). Also present in cooking sage (''Salvia officinalis''), tansy, and ''Thuja'' cedars. (1) · Caffeine (1.5–2%) + theobromine + kolanin (a glycoside). (1) · Caffeine (highest of the ''Ilex'' genus) plus saponins that produce ritual vomiting at high doses. (1) · Caffeine (sometimes called 'mateine' historically, though chemically identical), theobromine, theophylline, plus polyphenols. (1) · Caffeine + theophylline + L-theanine. L-theanine (an amino acid unique to tea) modulates glutamate and produces an 'alpha-wave' calming overlay on caffeine's stimulation, hence tea's reputation as a 'cleaner' stimulant than coffee. (1) · Caffeine is a non-selective adenosine A1/A2A receptor antagonist; also weak PDE inhibition. Beans contain theobromine (3,7-DMX) and theophylline (1,3-DMX) in smaller amounts. (1) · Contains the β-carboline alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) that allow oral DMT to reach the brain. (1) · High-affinity D2 receptor antagonist (1) · Highest natural caffeine content of any plant (2–7% by dry weight, ~2–4× coffee). Caffeine is bound to tannins, producing a slower release than pure coffee caffeine. (1) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET) (1) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET), d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate (1) · Primary alkaloid is theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), with minor caffeine. Also contains phenethylamine, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid), tryptophan (serotonin precursor), and flavanols. The combined effect is mild stimulation + mood elevation. (1) · Selective inverse agonist at 5HT2A receptors with weaker activity at 5HT2C. Has no significant dopamine D2 affinity, unique among approved antipsychotics. Inverse agonism (rather than antagonism) reduces constitutive 5HT2A receptor activity below baseline. (1) · Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (balanced) (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine (dominant; the racemic form is atropine), scopolamine. Competitive muscarinic antagonism. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, apoatropine. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, in higher seed concentrations than belladonna or datura. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine (dominant), hyoscyamine, atropine. Competitive antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (1)

None (2) · ADHD, narcolepsy (1) · Depression, anxiety, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, chronic musculoskeletal pain (1) · Hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease psychosis (PDP). Investigational for psychosis in other dementias and as augmentation for depression. (1) · Schizophrenia, acute psychosis, agitation, delirium, Tourette syndrome, severe nausea (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000006-QINU`"' (3) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000008-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000009-QINU`"' (5) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000065-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AE-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000CF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000D1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000150-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000151-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000747-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000748-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000081E-QINU`"' (1)

None (17) · 0.5–1 oz (10–30 g) ground for psychoactive effect; far smaller for culinary use (1) · 34 mg PO once daily (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · One cup (~80–145 mg caffeine for brewed; 60–100 mg for instant) (1)

None (6) · 10 mg, 34 mg capsules/tablets (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Ground dried seed (nutmeg) or fruit aril (mace); occasionally infused (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted beans, ground; brewed (drip, French press, espresso, cold brew, percolated) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None · Indication-specific · 40 mg/d · 10 mg/d · 20 mg/d · 80 mg/d · 10 mg/d (adults) · 100 mg/d · 4 g/d · 400 mg/d · 40 mg/d typical; up to 240 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison · 5 mg/d · 50 mg/d · 600 mg/d · No fixed ceiling; titrate to clinical effect and tolerability with CDC opioid prescribing guidance constraints on morphine-milligram-equivalent (MME) totals · No fixed maximum; titrated to TSH target · TID per eye · Titrated to glucose; no fixed ceiling · Titrated to glucose; no fixed maximum · '''20 mg/day in adults >60 years''' per FDA's 2011-2012 QT-prolongation warning; 40 mg/day in adults ≤60

Other values:

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None · Oral · IV · topical · IM · intranasal · rectal · Subcutaneous · Topical ophthalmic · ophthalmic · intramuscular · intravenous · transdermal · vaginal · Subcutaneous (abdomen · sublingual · thigh · inhaled · SC · intra-articular

Other values:

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None (12) · 15–30 min (1) · 20–60 min (oral) (1) · 30–60 min (1) · 30–60 minutes (1) · 45-75 min (oral) (1) · Benefit over weeks of dosing (1) · Mood: 2–4 weeks. Pain: often within 1–2 weeks. (1) · PO 1–2 h; IM 30–60 min; IV 5–20 min (1) · Slow, 2–6 h (1) · ~15–30 min (1)

None (12) · 12–24 h (oral); decanoate IM 3–4 weeks (1) · 12–24 h or longer (1) · 3–4 h (1) · 3–5 h (subjective) (1) · 4-8 h (1) · 8–12 hours (1) · Chronic daily dosing (1) · Daily dosing (1) · IR 3–5 h; LA/SR 6–8 h; Concerta 10–12 h; Daytrana ~9 h wear time (1) · IR 4–6 h; XR 8–12 h (1)

None (13) · 14–26 h (oral); ~3 weeks (decanoate) (1) · 2.2 h (IR parent); ~3 h (XR parent) (1) · 2–3 h (parent compound) (1) · 3–5 hours (1) · Not well characterized (1) · ~12 hours (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (2) · ~57 hours (parent), ~200 h (active metabolite) (1)

None (14) · 70–90% (oral) (1) · Not characterized; oral dosing once daily (1) · Not well characterized (1) · ~22–25% (1) · ~30% (high first-pass) (1) · ~50% (highly variable) (1) · ~60–70% (oral) (1) · ~99% (caffeine) (1)

None (14) · Category C (3) · Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed) (1) · Limited data; avoid (1) · Not established (2) · Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Limited reproductive data with small observational signal for cardiac malformations; risk-benefit decision, with many patients deferring ADHD treatment during pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full discussion. (1)

None (12) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Rx-only (2) · Rx. FDA black-box warning for increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis (class warning shared with all antipsychotics) (1) · Schedule I (United States) (1) · Schedule II (2) · Unrestricted (food) (1) · [[USLegal:DEA Schedule I|Schedule I]] (United States) (1)