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Choose a table:
Medicines (732)
Medicines
> fda max:
37.5 mg/d
&
halflife:
~25 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000129F-QINU`"'
&
legal:
None
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
Phentermine (1)
brand:
Adipex-P, Lomaira (low-dose); with topiramate as Qsymia (1)
classes:
[[:Category:Anorectics|Anorectic (appetite suppressant)]] (1)
·
[[:Category:Schedule_IV_controlled_substances|Schedule IV controlled substance]] (1)
·
[[:Category:Sympathomimetics|Sympathomimetic]] (1)
mechanism:
None
(1)
uses:
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000129E-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
15-37.5 mg PO once daily before breakfast or 1-2 hours after; Lomaira 8 mg TID (1)
preparations:
15, 30, 37.5 mg capsules/tablets; 8 mg Lomaira (1)
fda max:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
Indication-specific
·
40 mg/d
·
10 mg/d
·
20 mg/d
·
80 mg/d
·
10 mg/d (adults)
·
100 mg/d
·
4 g/d
·
400 mg/d
·
40 mg/d typical; up to 240 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison
·
5 mg/d
·
50 mg/d
·
600 mg/d
·
No fixed ceiling; titrate to clinical effect and tolerability with CDC opioid prescribing guidance constraints on morphine-milligram-equivalent (MME) totals
·
No fixed maximum; titrated to TSH target
·
TID per eye
·
Titrated to glucose; no fixed ceiling
·
Titrated to glucose; no fixed maximum
·
'''20 mg/day in adults >60 years''' per FDA's 2011-2012 QT-prolongation warning; 40 mg/day in adults ≤60
Other values:
'''4.5 mg/kg (without epinephrine), 7 mg/kg (with epinephrine)''' for infiltration; serum level monitoring required for prolonged IV antiarrhythmic use
0.5 mg/d
0.8 mg/d (rarely needed)
1 capsule BID (40 mg DXM / 20 mg quinidine per day)
1 drop per eye q8-12h
1 drop/eye/day (more frequent dosing reduces efficacy)
1 g/d (oral); 6 g/d (IV)
1 mg/d
1 mg/d typical Rx; higher in specific indications
1.8 mg in any 1-hour period (acute gout); 1.2 mg/d (prophylaxis with renal/hepatic impairment); much lower with strong CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibitors
1.8 mg/day SC (Victoza, T2DM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000185-QINU`"' · 3.0 mg/day SC (Saxenda, obesity)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000186-QINU`"'
10 mg BID for the first 7 days of acute VTE; otherwise 5 mg BID
10 mg per 24 h
10 mg/d (5 mg if severe renal or moderate hepatic impairment, or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors)
10 mg/day (IR); 12.5 mg/day (CR)
10 mg/day (anxiety, oral)
10 mg/kg q2w
10 µg twice daily (Byetta)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000E7-QINU`"' · 2 mg once weekly (Bydureon BCise)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000E8-QINU`"'
100 mcg/d typical
100 mg/d (ED); 20 mg TID (PAH)
100 mg/d (rarely used)
100 mg/day (adult)
100 mg/day (adult); 1.4 mg/kg/day or 100 mg total (pediatric, whichever lower)
100 mg/day (vertigo)
100-200 mg/day depending on indication
1000 mg/d (osteoarthritis); 1200 mg/d (rheumatoid arthritis)
12 inhalations/d (rescue); higher for severe exacerbation under monitoring
12 puffs MDI/d typical; nebulized 2000 mcg/d
120 mg/d (ER); IR not for chronic hypertension
120 mg/day (IV/IM); 40 mg/day (oral); '''5-day maximum total combined therapy''' to mitigate the GI bleeding, AKI, and platelet dysfunction risks
1200 mg/day (adult seizures); 1600 mg/day (bipolar mania)
140 mg/month
1400 mg q4w
15 mg/day (oral); 30 mg IV once daily (Anjeso)
15 mg/wk SC'"`UNIQ--ref-000002FE-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000002FF-QINU`"'
150 mg/d
150 mg/d (treatment)
150 mg/day (oral); use lowest effective dose for shortest duration per FDA NSAID class guidance
150 mg/day; therapeutic plasma-level monitoring recommended (target 50-150 ng/mL window)
1500 mg/day (Rx); 660 mg/24h (OTC, without provider direction)
16 mg/d (8 mg/d OTC)
16 mg/d (IR); 8 mg/d (XL)
16 mg/day (schizophrenia, adult); 6 mg/day (bipolar maintenance, autism irritability)
160 mg/d (Zollinger-Ellison); 80 mg/d for routine indications
160 mg/d (rarely tolerated due to anticholinergic effects)
1600 mg/day (theoretical seizure dosing); practical use 400 mg/day for seizures, 100-200 mg/day for migraine prophylaxis
18 mg olanzapine / 75 mg fluoxetine per day
180 mg/d (adults)
195 units/treatment for chronic migraine; max varies by problem
2 g/d (Niaspan); higher off-label use historical
2 g/d typical
2 g/day (seizures); typically much lower for essential tremor
2 mg/wk SC (Ozempic)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024B-QINU`"' · 2.4 mg/wk SC (Wegovy)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024C-QINU`"' · 14 mg PO daily (Rybelsus)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024D-QINU`"'
2 sprays/nostril BID
2 tablets per 24 hours; ≤4 days per month to avoid medicine-overuse headache
2 tablets/day (dextromethorphan 90 mg / bupropion 210 mg)
2.4 g/d
2.4 mg/day (HTN, IR); 0.4 mg/day (ADHD, Kapvay)
20 mg/d (ED, PRN); 5 mg/d (daily / BPH); 40 mg/d (PAH)
20 mg/d (hypertension); 10 mg/d (other indications typical)
20 mg/day (IR); 28 mg/day (XR)
20 mg/day (adult); 10 mg/day in elderly and in hepatic impairment
20 mg/day (oral)
20 mg/day (seizures); commonly limited to 4 mg/day for anxiety in current practice
200 mg/d
200 mg/d (100 mg/d if on CYP3A4 inhibitors)
200 mg/d typical practical ceiling
200 mg/day (oral); 12 mg/day (SC); 40 mg/day (nasal spray); 44 mg/day (Onzetra)
200 mg/day (typical adult oral)
2000 mg/d
225 mg/day outpatient (XR); 375 mg/day inpatient (IR divided TID); 75 mg/day in moderate hepatic impairment
23 mg/day
24 mg/day (Parkinson disease); 4 mg/day (restless legs syndrome)
24/6 mg/d (most labels)
240 mg loading + 120 mg/month for migraine; 300 mg/month for cluster
240 mg/d (mononitrate ER); 160 mg/d (dinitrate)
240 mg/day
2400 mg/day (adult)
2400 mg/day (oral); 300 mg total per IV bolus dosing series
25 mg/d
25 mg/day (ADHD per Desoxyn label); 15 mg/day (obesity, short-term, per Desoxyn label)
250 mg/d
2550 mg/d (IR); 2000 mg/d (ER)
28/10 mg/d
290 mcg/d
3 g/d (zoster)
3 g/d typical; higher in severe infections under specialist guidance
30 mg/24 hours
30 mg/d (XL) typical
30 mg/d (acute VTE first 21 days as 15 mg BID); otherwise 20 mg/d
30 mg/d for short-term use
30 mg/day (IR or ER)
30 mg/day (adult schizophrenia); 15 mg/day (MDD adjunct)
300 mg/d
300 mg/d typical practical limit (toxicity rises sharply above)
300 mg/day (IR or CR)
300 mg/day (depression, hospitalized); 150 mg/day outpatient; 6 mg/day for insomnia
300 mg/day (historical hospitalized inpatient depression); 150 mg/day outpatient typical ceiling
300 mg/day (oral)
300 mg/quarter
3000 mg/day
32 mg naltrexone / 360 mg bupropion per day
32 mg/day adult; weight-based pediatric ceiling
320 mg/d (hypertension); 320 mg/d (HF)
3200 mg/day (Rx); 1200 mg/day (OTC, without provider direction)
34 mg/d
35.6 mg/d
36 mg/day in three divided doses; single dose maximum 16 mg
360 mg/day
3600 mg/day; off-label doses higher are common but bioavailability saturates well below this
37.5 mg/d
4 L per procedure (standard-volume products)
4 g/d (rarely tolerated due to GI effects)
4 g/d in healthy adults; 3 g/d conservative limit; 2 g/d in cirrhosis or chronic alcohol use
4 g/d typical
4 mg/d (schizophrenia); 3 mg/d (AD agitation); 3 mg/d (MDD adjunct)
4% topical; limit duration of use
4.5 mg/day (Parkinson disease); 0.5 mg/day (restless legs syndrome)
4.5 mg/wk SC'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"'
4.8 g/d (IV severe infection)
40 mg every week (selected indications); otherwise 40 mg every other week
40 mg/d (IR; doses >15 mg given as divided BID); 20 mg/d (XL)
40 mg/d (rarely needed; 40 mg restricted to patients not at goal on 20 mg)
40 mg/d standard; 80 mg/d restricted to patients tolerating 80 mg for ≥12 months without myopathy (post-SEARCH 2011 FDA restriction)
40 mg/d typical; up to 360 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison
40 mg/day (oral, anxiety)
400 mg/d (acute primary aldosteronism diagnosis); 100-200 mg/d typical chronic
400 mg/d (pediatric); 600 mg/d (adult)
400 mg/d (rarely used)
400 mg/d typical maintenance; weight-adjusted ceiling per ophthalmology guidance
400 mg/day (IR, adult); 300 mg/day (ER); 300 mg/day in elderly >75 years
400 mg/day (bipolar monotherapy); 700 mg/day (epilepsy with enzyme-inducing comedication)
400 mg/day for chronic indications; higher for short-term acute pain
400 mg/day outpatient; 600 mg/day inpatient
400 mg/day theoretical; in practice rarely exceeds 200 mg/day
400 mg/day.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"'
4000 mg/day (analgesic)
42 mg/d
420 mg/month
45 mg/d
45 mg/day
450 mg/day; doses above this raise seizure risk steeply
5 mg/d (adults)
50 g/week (cream/ointment); 2-week continuous limit; 4-week maximum cumulative
50 mg BID in heart failure (or once-daily equivalent CR); 25 mg BID in hypertension
50 mg/d (hypertension); up to 200 mg/d (edema)
50 mg/d × 14 d
50 mg/day (IR); 62.5 mg/day (CR); 60 mg/day (OCD)
50 mg/day (no efficacy benefit shown for higher doses despite the 100 mg strength being available)
50 mg/day oral; 380 mg/4 weeks IM (Vivitrol); 32 mg + 360 mg naltrexone/bupropion daily (Contrave maximum after titration)
500 mg/d (typical regimen); single 2 g for Zmax; 2 g for select STIs
6 capsules/d (300 mg butalbital, 1950 mg acetaminophen, 240 mg caffeine)
6 capsules/d (300 mg butalbital, 1950 mg aspirin, 240 mg caffeine)
6 mg/d (psychosis/mania); 3 mg/d (depression adjunct)
60 mg/d typical
60 mg/day
60 mg/day (oral, hypertension); 0.5% BID (ophthalmic)
60 mg/kg/d (typically up to 3000 mg/d)
600 mg/d typical practical ceiling in heart failure
600 mg/day (seizures); 450 mg/day (fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain)
640 mg/d (HTN); 240 mg/d (migraine)
675 mg/quarter
7 mg/day in children and adolescents; weight-based ceiling (~0.12 mg/kg/day) applies in smaller patients
70 mg/day
70 mg/week treatment; 40 mg/d for 6 months in Paget's
75 mg per dose; one dose per 24 hours (acute); one dose every other day (preventive)
75 mg/d maintenance (loading doses are single events)
750 mg/d
8 g/day (oral, short-term load); 6 g/day (chronic)
8 mg/d
8 tablets/d (300 mg tramadol / 2600 mg acetaminophen); 5-day duration limit per label
80 mg/d (40 mg/d if combined with diltiazem, verapamil, danazol; lower limits with various interactions)
80 mg/day oral (higher off-label)
800 mg/d
800 mg/d (rarely needed)
800 mg/d (severe invasive disease)
800 mg/day
84 mg per session
9 g/night
90 mg BID (acute year); 60 mg BID (chronic post-MI)
900 mg/day (split into BID or TID dosing). Clinical practice rarely exceeds 600 mg/day; seizure risk increases substantially above 600 mg/day and requires consideration of prophylactic anticonvulsant.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004A-QINU`"'
Acetaminophen 4 g/d absolute (3 g/d conservative); oxycodone titrated to effect
Acetaminophen 4 g/d absolute; codeine 240-360 mg/d typical practical limit
Aspirin GI/bleeding-limited; oxycodone titrated to effect
BID topical; once daily nail lacquer
Formulation-dependent
Formulation-specific (e.g., 145 mg/d Tricor, 200 mg/d Lipofen)
Formulation-specific; ~4.8 g/d typical maximum oral
ICS 880 mcg/d (asthma); intranasal 200 mcg/d
ICS ~1280 mcg/d; intranasal 256 mcg/d; Entocort 9 mg/d standard
IV peripheral 10 mEq/h (40 mEq/L); IV central 20 mEq/h with cardiac monitoring; PO single doses generally ≤40 mEq
IV: monitored by levels (trough <1 mg/L for extended-interval; <2 mg/L for traditional)
Indication-dependent; 200-400 mg/d oral typical
Indication-specific; ACLS no fixed cumulative ceiling
Indication-specific; HE may require high-volume dosing
Indication-specific; bowel prep regimens reach 4 L cumulative
Indication-specific; high-dose IV regimens for encephalitis or disseminated disease
Indication-specific; lowest effective dose for shortest duration is the WHI-era standard
Indication-specific; renal clearance limits tolerable cumulative dosing
Indication-specific; titrated to effect
Intranasal 200 mcg/d (adults); inhaled 880 mcg/d
Limit to 48 hours of use to avoid hemolysis and methemoglobinemia
Limit topical to 10-day courses to reduce resistance pressure
MOUD: typical effective max 24 mg/day sublingual (doses above offer limited additional mu-occupancy due to ceiling). Pain (Belbuca): 900 mcg every 12 hours.
N/A (never approved)
N/A (no current medical indication)
No defined absolute maximum; dosing is guided by serum level monitoring. Levels above 1.5 mEq/L carry increasing toxicity risk. Levels consistently above 1.2 mEq/L are generally not maintained in clinical practice.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"'
No fixed maximum; cumulative-dose toxicity drives all chronic decisions
No fixed maximum; titrated to INR target
No fixed maximum; titrated to clinical endpoints
No fixed maximum; titrated to pH and bicarbonate level; chronic high oral doses cause metabolic alkalosis and volume overload
No fixed maximum; titrated; sodium correction rate in chronic hyponatremia must not exceed 8-10 mEq/L per 24 hours to avoid osmotic demyelination
No formal hard ceiling; in MOUD maintenance, doses typically remain at or below 120 mg/day with higher doses reserved for documented under-treatment after careful clinical assessment
No strict ceiling for water-soluble vitamin; UL not set
No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity
No strict; Institute of Medicine UL 4,000 IU/d in adults for chronic use
Not FDA-approved; clinical-trial protocols use up to 30 mg in adult investigational dosing
Not formally established (dietary supplement); doses above ~3-5 mg show no additional efficacy but increase next-day sedation risk
Not strictly fixed; long-term Upper Limit ~4,000 IU/d in adults (Institute of Medicine)
Not yet approved
Once daily (Pataday 0.7%); BID (other ophthalmic)
One dose per day
One drop per eye per day
Oral maintenance 400 mg/d typical; higher in refractory cases
Per formulation
Rheumatologic ~25 mg/week; oncology indication-specific
Single 200-400 mcg/kg per dose for systemic indications
Single 60-hour course
Single doses ≤16 mg (FDA 2012 advisory withdrew the 32 mg single IV dose for QT-prolongation risk); 24-32 mg/d divided
Titrated to glucose
Titrated; risk of hypercalcemia is the limiting factor
Topical: BID; troche: 5×/day
Topical: nightly; oral APL: 45 mg/m²/d
Topical: nightly; systemic: regimen-specific
Topical: per formulation; oral supplement age-dependent
Topical: regimen-specific; oral: 400 mg/d in remaining specialty indications
Transplant: regimen-specific
UL 1000 mg (~1500 IU natural)/d in adults; routinely exceeded in older AREDS-1 trials
UL 2000 mg/d in adults
Withdrawn 2024
XR = 40 or 60 mg/d; IR = 40 or 60 mg/d'"`UNIQ--ref-00000567-QINU`"'
~10 mg/d typical
~1500 mg/d (oral); 1200 mg/d (IV)
~200 mg elemental iron/d typical practical limit
~200 mg/d for most indications; higher doses for severe infections
~2500 mg elemental/d combined diet + supplements (chronic; UL)
~4 g/d (severe systemic infection)
~480 mg/d (oral) for cardiovascular indications; higher off-label for cluster
~480 mg/d (oral); IV per protocol
~500 mg/d typical
Search
routes:
Oral (1)
onset:
Appetite suppression within hours; weight loss over weeks-months (1)
duration:
~12-14 hours (1)
halflife:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
~12 hours
·
~27 days
·
~5 h (caffeine)
·
'''Autoinduction''': 25-65 hours initially, falling to 12-17 hours after 2-3 weeks of dosing as carbamazepine induces its own CYP3A4 metabolism. Major clinical implication: doses require re-titration after the autoinduction period'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
·
0.5-1.5 hours (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect persists 24+ hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DE-QINU`"'
·
1-1.3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001A1-QINU`"'
·
1-1.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE3-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours (parent compound)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours (parent); 18-30 hours for active metabolite oxypurinol'"`UNIQ--ref-0000030F-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
·
1-3 days acute, 4-6 days chronic; 4-16 days for norfluoxetine'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004C-QINU`"'
·
1-3 hours (normal liver); markedly prolonged in overdose with glutathione depletion'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
·
1-3 minutes (very short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C0F-QINU`"'
·
1.4 hours (parent); 13-24 hours for active metabolite canrenone'"`UNIQ--ref-00000354-QINU`"'
·
1.5-2 hours (longer in renal failure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000222-QINU`"'
·
1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
·
10-11 hours (benazeprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A22-QINU`"'
·
11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release)
·
11-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000842-QINU`"'
Other values:
12-15 hours (intermediate); '''no active metabolites''' (key clinical feature)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
12-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
12-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
12-17 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
14 hours (parent); 20-30 hours including active ortho- and para-hydroxylated metabolites'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
14-25 hours (longer in elderly and hepatic impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
14–26 h (oral); ~3 weeks (decanoate)
15-20 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
16-22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047D-QINU`"'
18 hours (IR); 32-33 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
18-44 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
2 hours (parent); 6-9 hours for active carboxylic acid metabolite EXP3174'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BC-QINU`"'
2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
2-3 hours (normal renal function); markedly prolonged in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-000010B3-QINU`"'
2-3 hours (parent and active N-desethyl metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006E1-QINU`"'
2-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000012-QINU`"'
2-4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
2-5 hours (IR); ER formulations extend functional duration via osmotic/matrix release'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074D-QINU`"'
2-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000002D9-QINU`"'
2.2 h (IR parent); ~3 h (XR parent)
2.5 hours (short, requires TID-QID dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
2.5-3.5 hours; longer in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025B-QINU`"'
2.5–3 hours
2.7-5.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000015E-QINU`"'
20-40 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
21-54 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
24–42 h (buprenorphine); 1–2 h (naloxone)
27-32 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
2–3 h
2–3 h (parent compound)
3-10 hours (low dose); 8-15 hours (high dose); much longer in third-space accumulation (pleural effusion, ascites)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007C8-QINU`"'
3-4 hours (similar between PO and IV due to high oral bioavailability)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B46-QINU`"'
3-4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
3-4.5 hours (IR); 5-7 hours (ER; effective duration 24 hours via formulation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000642-QINU`"'
3-5 hours (IR); 4.5 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
3-6 hours (longer in hepatic impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000378-QINU`"'
3-7 hours (IR); functional 24 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6B-QINU`"'
3-7 hours (slow acetylators) vs 1-3 hours (rapid acetylators) via NAT2 polymorphism'"`UNIQ--ref-00000687-QINU`"'
30-40 hours (long; accumulates with chronic dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
30-50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000078-QINU`"'
30-50 minutes (short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
30–60 min
36-42 hours (R/S enantiomers differ; S-warfarin is 2-5× more potent and cleared by CYP2C9)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
3–5 hours
3–6 h
3–7 h
4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000938-QINU`"'
4-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
4-6 hours (inhaled and PO)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000099-QINU`"'
4-8 hours (longer in elderly, 9-13 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
40-60 hours (notable for the thiazide class)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000783-QINU`"'
4–5 h
5-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
5-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EF9-QINU`"'
5-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
5-9 hours (elderly: 11-13 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000513-QINU`"'
6-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013E-QINU`"'
6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEB-QINU`"'
6-9 hours (substantially longer in renal impairment due to renal elimination)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
6.2 hours (plasma); ~17 hours in erythrocytes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
6.3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
60-100 hours (long)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
7-10 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
8-10 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000396-QINU`"'
8-12 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
8-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
9-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001BC-QINU`"'
9-16 hours (pH-dependent: acidic urine shortens, alkaline urine substantially extends)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
9-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097C-QINU`"'
9–12 h
9–12 minutes (intravenous)
Amitriptyline 10-50 hours (highly variable); nortriptyline active metabolite 18-44 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
Approximately 18-24 hours after acute administration; may extend to 36-48 hours with chronic dosing as tissue compartments equilibrate. Serum trough levels should be drawn 12 hours after the last dose for accurate interpretation.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"'
Aqueous crystalline ~30 minutes; benzathine effective ~3 weeks via depot release'"`UNIQ--ref-00001419-QINU`"'
Aspirin 15-30 minutes; salicylate metabolite 2-3 hours (concentration-dependent, saturable at high doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
Biphasic: ~3-6 hours alpha, ~5-9 hours beta'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Buprenorphine sublingual: 24-42 hours (long, contributes to extended dosing intervals). Norbuprenorphine (active metabolite, weaker mu-agonist): 24-48 hours.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004F-QINU`"'
Bupropion ~21 hours; hydroxybupropion (active metabolite) ~20-37 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
Buspirone 2-3 hours; 1-PP active metabolite 4-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Butalbital ~35 hours (long; cumulative effects with frequent use); acetaminophen 1-3 hours; caffeine 3-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000159F-QINU`"'
Butalbital ~35 hours; aspirin (acetyl group) ~15 minutes, salicylate 2-3 hours; caffeine 3-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B7-QINU`"'
Cariprazine ~2-4 d; major active metabolites desmethyl-cariprazine (DCAR) ~1-3 weeks → 'oral depot' effect with delayed steady-state and reduced effect of missed doses
Codeine 2.5-3.5 hours; acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001517-QINU`"'
D-amphetamine ~10 h; L-amphetamine ~13 h (adults)
Dextromethorphan substantially prolonged by quinidine's CYP2D6 inhibition (typical extensive metabolizers see ~10× higher AUC); quinidine ~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001583-QINU`"'
Dextromethorphan ~22 h (when CYP2D6 inhibited); bupropion ~21 h
Diazepam 20-50 hours; '''N-desmethyldiazepam (nordazepam) 30-200 hours''' is the major active metabolite and accumulates substantially with chronic dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect.
Highly variable by formulation; native T is hours
Highly variable, 7-46 hours (mean ~21 h); lipophilic deposition in fat with delayed re-release contributes to wide range'"`UNIQ--ref-00000065-QINU`"'
Mononitrate ~5 hours; dinitrate ~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-00001461-QINU`"'
Morphine 2-4 hours; morphine-6-glucuronide active metabolite 2-4 hours (longer with renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
N/A (incorporated into hemoglobin and tissue stores)
Naltrexone parent ~4 hours (oral); 6-beta-naltrexol (active metabolite) ~13 hours. Vivitrol depot terminal half-life 5-10 days with sustained release from microspheres maintaining blockade for the 4-week dosing interval.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004F-QINU`"'
Naltrexone ~4 hours (6β-naltrexol metabolite ~13 hours); bupropion ~21 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001568-QINU`"'
Not absorbed
Not applicable (electrolyte and buffer)
Not applicable (electrolyte solution)
Not applicable (electrolyte)
Not formally established
Not meaningfully described
Not meaningfully described (electrolyte)
Not meaningfully described (electrolyte; renally cleared)
Not meaningfully described (minimal systemic absorption from topical use)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F45-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption from intact skin or oral mucosa)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001398-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption — the drug acts locally and is degraded in the GI tract)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119C-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption)
Not meaningfully described (not systemically absorbed)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D17-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (topical local action)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001239-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for an electrolyte; distribution between intra- and extracellular compartments is the relevant kinetic
Not meaningfully described for ophthalmic use'"`UNIQ--ref-00001287-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for topical use (systemic exposure varies with surface area, occlusion, skin integrity)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000079E-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for topical use'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A02-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described — lactulose is not significantly absorbed
Not meaningfully described — sucralfate is essentially non-absorbed'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DC2-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described — topical local action with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001218-QINU`"'
Not well characterized
Not well characterized; tissue incorporation over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-00000051-QINU`"'
Not well characterized'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
Olanzapine ~30 hours; fluoxetine 1-4 days (norfluoxetine 7-15 days)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154D-QINU`"'
Oxcarbazepine 2 hours; '''10-monohydroxy active metabolite (MHD) ~9 hours''' (the agent that produces essentially all of the clinical effect)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 3-5 hours; acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014E2-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 3-5 hours; aspirin (acetyl group) 15-20 minutes, salicylate 2-3 hours at therapeutic doses'"`UNIQ--ref-000014FA-QINU`"'
Parent lisdexamfetamine <1 hour; dextroamphetamine 10-12 hours after release'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
Plasma 2-3 hours; biologic ~18-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000867-QINU`"'
Plasma 2-3 hours; biologic ~18-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000008C4-QINU`"'
Plasma 3-4 hours; biologic ~12-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A3-QINU`"'
Plasma ~1-2 hours; biologic ~8-12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD1-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3 hours; bone half-life ~10 years'"`UNIQ--ref-000006C3-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3-4.5 hours; biologic ~36-72 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E2B-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3-5 hours; biologic effect substantially longer (~12-36 hours for intermediate-acting glucocorticoids)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000666-QINU`"'
Plasma ~5 hours; biologic ~36-54 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101A-QINU`"'
Primidone 5-15 hours; '''phenobarbital active metabolite 50-150 hours'''; PEMA (phenylethylmalonamide) active metabolite 16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
Psilocin: ~2-3 h; psilocybin itself is a prodrug, dephosphorylated within minutes of absorption
Risperidone 3-20 hours; '''9-hydroxy-risperidone (paliperidone) ~20-24 hours''' is the major active metabolite and is separately marketed as a parent compound (Invega)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
Sumatriptan ~2.5 hours; naproxen 12-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D1-QINU`"'
T4 ~7 days; T3 ~1 day'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
Tissue half-life not formally measured; clinical effect ~12 weeks
Topical: not meaningfully described; oral 2-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000888-QINU`"'
Tramadol 6-7 hours; M1 active metabolite 7-9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Tramadol ~5-7 hours (M1 metabolite ~9 hours); acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001530-QINU`"'
Variable; effect dependent on local intestinal action rather than systemic kinetics'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106B-QINU`"'
Venlafaxine 5 hours; desvenlafaxine active metabolite 11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~0.5 hours plasma; tissue retention longer
~0.5-2 hours (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BA3-QINU`"'
~1 day (much shorter than T4's ~7 days)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~1 hour (IR niacin); ER formulations extend functional duration'"`UNIQ--ref-00001038-QINU`"'
~1 hour (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect persists 24+ hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011D-QINU`"'
~1 hour SC'"`UNIQ--ref-00000589-QINU`"'
~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F2-QINU`"'
~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-00001050-QINU`"'
~1-2 hours plasma (riboflavin itself); FAD/FMN tissue cofactors are continuous
~1.5 hours (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect 24+ hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E8-QINU`"'
~1.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FF9-QINU`"'
~1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3E-QINU`"'
~1.7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E4-QINU`"'
~1.8 hours (initial); ~10 hours (terminal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B25-QINU`"'
~10 h (CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers); up to 31 h (poor metabolizers)
~10-20 days (steady-state body pool); single dose plasma ~2 hours
~10-20 minutes systemically (rapid hepatic and erythrocyte dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase clearance)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011BE-QINU`"'
~11 h
~11 hours (enalaprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B84-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
~11-17 days'"`UNIQ--ref-0000147F-QINU`"'
~12 hours (effective); terminal half-life is biphasic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"'
~12 hours (effective); terminal much longer'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117C-QINU`"'
~12 hours apparent (functional duration ~24 hours due to depot release kinetics)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000023B-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FB-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D82-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000111F-QINU`"'
~12.1 days
~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027C-QINU`"'
~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000765-QINU`"'
~12.9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000552-QINU`"'
~13 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018A-QINU`"'
~13 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056C-QINU`"'
~13-17 hours (ramiprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C32-QINU`"'
~13-20 hours (oral); transdermal pharmacokinetics buffer the peaks/troughs of oral dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-000003BA-QINU`"'
~14 days'"`UNIQ--ref-00001103-QINU`"'
~14 hours (adults); longer in elderly and renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000113F-QINU`"'
~14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCC-QINU`"'
~15 hours (IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~15 hours (parent); nordoxepin active metabolite ~30 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~16-18 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001092-QINU`"'
~16-23 hours
~165 hours (~1 week), among the longest of any GLP-1 RA'"`UNIQ--ref-00000253-QINU`"'
~17 minutes (free acid, the active form, in aqueous humor)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000417-QINU`"'
~17-18 hours (Intuniv ER); ~17 hours (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~17-19 hours (longer than daridorexant)
~17.5 h
~18 hours (terminal)
~19 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000000FC-QINU`"'
~2 hours (parent and active β-hydroxy acid metabolite); pharmacodynamic effect lasts 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-0000017A-QINU`"'
~2 hours (plasma; minimal relevance — local-action drug)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7B-QINU`"'
~2 minutes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E52-QINU`"'
~2-3 hours (parent); pharmacodynamic effect 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D5-QINU`"'
~2-3.6 hours (plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A5-QINU`"'
~2-4 hours (parent and active β-hydroxy acid metabolite); pharmacodynamic effect 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-00000807-QINU`"'
~2.4 hours (Byetta, short, hence the BID schedule)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000ED-QINU`"' · Effective release half-life ~2 weeks (Bydureon)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000EE-QINU`"'
~2.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~2.5-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001442-QINU`"'
~20 hours
~20 hours (fenofibric acid, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004AD-QINU`"'
~20-60 minutes (plasma; not the relevant kinetic since urinary concentration matters)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A3-QINU`"'
~21 hours (with nonlinear pharmacokinetics from CYP2D6 autoinhibition)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"'
~21 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
~22 hours (parent + active glucuronide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000450-QINU`"'
~22 hours; longer 54 hours (desmethylazelastine, active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013B6-QINU`"'
~22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB0-QINU`"'
~24 hours (6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011F9-QINU`"'
~24 hours (longest of the ARB class; suits patients with morning BP surge)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEE-QINU`"'
~24 hours (parent); ~15 days (25(OH)D); 25(OH)D stores persist for months'"`UNIQ--ref-00000330-QINU`"'
~24 hours (parent); ~15 days (25(OH)D); tissue stores months
~25 days
~25 hours
~25 hours apparent (functional duration well over 42 hours from multi-hexamer depot)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000135A-QINU`"'
~25 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000129F-QINU`"'
~25-33 hours alone; ~15 hours with enzyme inducers; '''≥60 hours with valproate''' (UGT inhibition)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
~25-44 hours plasma; receptor kinetics drive the once-daily duration'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C0-QINU`"'
~26 h (sertraline; range 13-45 h, longer in females); ~62-104 h (N-desmethylsertraline, weakly active)
~27-31 hours; markedly prolonged in renal/hepatic impairment and with CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibitors'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C72-QINU`"'
~28 days
~3 hours (acyclovir, the active metabolite); longer in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-000005D6-QINU`"'
~3 hours (systemic, when measurable; topical action dominates)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011D9-QINU`"'
~3 hours; significantly prolonged in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000090F-QINU`"'
~3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D1-QINU`"'
~3-4 days plasma; adipose tissue stores last months
~3-7 hours (parent); 16-24 hours including active metabolites'"`UNIQ--ref-00000824-QINU`"'
~30 hours (long, supports once-daily dosing and substantial drug-interaction window after discontinuation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A47-QINU`"'
~30-60 minutes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E76-QINU`"'
~31 days
~35 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~36 hours (terminal much longer due to tissue accumulation in skin/nails)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EB2-QINU`"'
~4 h
~4 hours (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~4 months in erythrocytes (carbonic anhydrase binding in red cells; not relevant to topical IOP duration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B0A-QINU`"'
~4-6 hours (plasma); intrathyroidal accumulation gives a much longer functional duration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED3-QINU`"'
~40 days (terminal; reflects extensive tissue distribution)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007EC-QINU`"'
~45 minutes (free acid in aqueous humor)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DA1-QINU`"'
~45-68 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DFE-QINU`"'
~5 days (~120 h)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"'
~5 days (~120 h)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000303-QINU`"'
~5 h
~5 hours (plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F9C-QINU`"'
~5 hours in extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers; ~21 hours in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers'"`UNIQ--ref-00000014-QINU`"'
~5 weeks (much longer than finasteride's ~6 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D59-QINU`"'
~5-10 hours (5-ASA)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBE-QINU`"'
~5-20 hours (oral micronized; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000726-QINU`"'
~5-6 hours in young men, ~8 hours in elderly'"`UNIQ--ref-00000531-QINU`"'
~5-7 days
~5-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001164-QINU`"'
~5-9 hours (parent and active metabolites combined)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000492-QINU`"'
~50 days (Depo-Provera; long depot release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F20-QINU`"'
~50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B64-QINU`"'
~50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C4E-QINU`"'
~57 hours (parent), ~200 h (active metabolite)
~58 days (parent); ~61 days (desethylamiodarone, active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB3-QINU`"'
~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years
~6 h (parent compound, immediate-release); ~9-12 h (active metabolite N-desalkylquetiapine, also called norquetiapine)
~6 hours (parent); active metabolite very short-lived but produces irreversible platelet effect'"`UNIQ--ref-000002C4-QINU`"'
~6 hours plasma; long bone retention
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CD-QINU`"'
~6-10 hours (oseltamivir carboxylate, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E94-QINU`"'
~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF5-QINU`"'
~6.6 h
~60–80 h (memantine); ~70 h (donepezil)
~66 hours
~68 hours (terminal; reflects deep tissue accumulation, much longer than plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003FC-QINU`"'
~7 days (euthyroid); longer in hypothyroidism (~9-10 days), shorter in hyperthyroidism'"`UNIQ--ref-00000036-QINU`"'
~7 hours
~7 hours (parent); ~9 hours (active AR-C124910XX metabolite, accounts for ~30-40% of activity)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C92-QINU`"'
~7 hours apparent'"`UNIQ--ref-00001374-QINU`"'
~7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000126E-QINU`"'
~7-10 hours (variable; longer in renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB4-QINU`"'
~7-12 hours
~7.1 hours
~7.8 hours (fluticasone propionate, inhaled systemic exposure)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001DD-QINU`"'
~70 hours (long, supports once-daily dosing without peak-trough variation)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~75 hours (long, accumulates over weeks)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~8 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000954-QINU`"'
~8 hours (parent); ~28 hours (desloratadine, the active metabolite, marketed separately as Clarinex)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000621-QINU`"'
~8 hours (shorter than suvorexant and lemborexant)
~8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000013F5-QINU`"'
~8-27 hours (highly variable across the population)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A91-QINU`"'
~80 minutes SC'"`UNIQ--ref-000005F2-QINU`"'
~89 hours (EPA, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013D1-QINU`"'
~9 hours (terminal)
~9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C3-QINU`"'
~9-14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD2-QINU`"'
~91 hours
Search
bioavailability:
High (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000012A0-QINU`"' (1)
pregnancy:
Contraindicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
legal:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US
·
OTC in US
·
Rx
·
Rx-only in US
·
Rx, Schedule IV (US)
·
Schedule II
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
·
Rx-only
·
[[USLegal:DEA Schedule I|Schedule I]] (United States)
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
·
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the benzodiazepine class '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of fatal respiratory depression, coma, and death when combined with opioids'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
·
'''[[USLegal:Behind-the-counter|Behind-the-counter]] in US''' under the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act 2005: purchase restricted to ≤3.6 g/day and ≤9 g/30 days, with photo ID, logbook signature, and quantity logging required. Several states schedule higher than federal
·
'''[[USLegal:Schedule V|Schedule V controlled substance]] in US (federally)''', distinct from gabapentin which remains federally unscheduled'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
·
5-MeO-DMT is Schedule I in US (since 2011); the toad itself is protected in several southwestern states
·
Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits
·
Investigational
·
Leaves legal in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia; cocaine internationally controlled
·
Not a controlled substance in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Canada, or Australia. Prescription-only in all of these jurisdictions due to the narrow therapeutic index and the need for serum monitoring. No abuse potential has been identified.
Other values:
OTC (1% shampoo) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher strengths, oral) in US. Oral form carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for hepatotoxicity and is restricted by FDA to refractory fungal infections where no alternatives are available
OTC (10-20 mg) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US
OTC (20 mg) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US
OTC (20 mg, 14-day course) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher and longer durations) in US
OTC (Astepro 0.15%) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other intranasal, ophthalmic, Dymista) in US
OTC (MiraLAX) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (electrolyte solutions for bowel prep) in US
OTC (Nasonex 24HR) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC (Pataday ophthalmic) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (Patanase intranasal) in US
OTC (intranasal Flonase) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (inhaled, topical) in US
OTC (intranasal Rhinocort Allergy) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC (low-dose topicals) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC (low-dose) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (1 mg, injectable) in US
OTC (low-dose) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (50,000 IU and concentrated solutions) in US
OTC (low-dose, dietary supplement) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (Niaspan ER) in US
OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US
OTC (lower doses) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher doses) in US
OTC (lower strengths) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (combination with betamethasone) in US
OTC (lower-concentration washes) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (Peridex oral rinse, ChloraPrep) in US
OTC (lowest-strength topicals) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher strengths, injectable) in US
OTC (most dentifrice and rinse) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (high-concentration paste/gel, supplements) in US
OTC (most) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (50,000 IU) in US
OTC (ophthalmic ointment) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC (oral salts) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US
OTC (oral supplements) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV) in US
OTC (topical) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (oral) in US
OTC (transdermal patch in women) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US
OTC and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV, combination products) in US
Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only
Rx, '''not a controlled substance''' (no DEA scheduling)
Rx, '''not a controlled substance''' (unique among wake-promoting agents)
Rx, Schedule III (US). REMS program required.
Rx-only in US (REMS program)
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005C-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-000000F0-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018D-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-00000256-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx-only;'"`UNIQ--ref-00000305-QINU`"' not a controlled substance
Rx. FDA black-box warning for increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis (class warning shared with all antipsychotics)
Rx; ARIA monitoring required
Rx; REMS program required (excessive sedation/loss of consciousness during infusion)
Rx; REMS-like program for ARIA monitoring
Rx; black-box warning for distant spread of toxin effect
Schedule I (United States)
Schedule I in US since 1993 (despite traditional use elsewhere); legal in Ethiopia, Kenya, Yemen, Somalia, Djibouti
Schedule III (DEA, US)
Schedule III in US; X-waiver no longer required (as of 2023)
Schedule III; REMS-restricted (Schedule I if outside the pharmaceutical channel, same molecule as illicit GHB)
Schedule IV (US)
US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content).
Unrestricted (food)
Withdrawn from US market January 2024
[[USLegal:DEA Schedule II|Schedule II]] controlled substance in US (rescheduled from Schedule III in 1978). No accepted medical use. UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances Schedule II internationally.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] as Bonine and Dramamine Less Drowsy; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] as Antivert
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] dietary supplement in the US ('''not FDA-regulated as a medicine'''; multiple studies show OTC products contain 50-470% of labeled melatonin content); [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in the EU and UK
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] for most oral and topical formulations; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for injectable
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in US at all standard strengths
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in US at ≤220 mg/tablet and ≤660 mg/day; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] at higher strengths
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in the US at ≤200 mg per tablet / ≤1200 mg/day; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] at higher strengths and indications
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Prescription only]]; not a controlled substance
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (higher concentrations and IV) and OTC (low-dose supplements) in US
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for IV formulations; OTC for oral
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for most formulations; some low-concentration topical formulations are [[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] (4% cream)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for oral and most topical formulations in US; Voltaren Arthritis Pain 1% gel switched to [[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in 2020
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] for parenteral formulations; OTC for oral, nasal, and many nebulizer products
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (most products; some low-volume packs OTC)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (note: norgestrel 0.075 mg POP is now OTC as Opill since 2023, but norethindrone POP remains Rx)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (some OTC formulations exist)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (the veterinary preparations are not for human use)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US since 2020 (OTC 2% formulations withdrawn under CARES Act due to safety concerns)
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''Contraindicated in structural heart disease''' — CAST trial (1989) showed increased mortality from class IC agents in patients with prior MI; modern use is limited to structurally normal hearts'"`UNIQ--ref-00001141-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''FDA Boxed Warning (2020):''' neuropsychiatric events including agitation, depression, sleep disturbance, and suicidal thoughts; benefit-risk should be reassessed regularly'"`UNIQ--ref-00000160-QINU`"'.
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''Federally non-controlled despite being a barbiturate''', a paradoxical situation given that its primary active metabolite phenobarbital is Schedule IV'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. '''Not a controlled substance''', the principal clinical selling point versus psychostimulant ADHD options. Carries the antidepressant-class '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidal ideation in pediatric patients'"`UNIQ--ref-00000016-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of malignancy and serious infection; nephrotoxicity, hypertension, and immunosuppression-associated complications'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A93-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries '''Boxed Warnings''' for hepatotoxicity (especially children <2 with metabolic disorders), teratogenicity, and pancreatitis'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries '''Boxed Warnings''' for pulmonary toxicity (interstitial pneumonitis, fibrosis), hepatotoxicity, and proarrhythmia'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB5-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' contraindicating use in children <2 years (lethal dehydration in animal studies)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119E-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for '''tardive dyskinesia''' (irreversible movement disorder), driving the 12-week chronic-use limit'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EFB-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for Clostridioides difficile colitis (one of the most C. difficile-inducing antibiotic classes)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001444-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for bleeding risk and against aspirin maintenance doses above 100 mg/d (reduces ticagrelor efficacy, per PLATO subgroup analysis)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C94-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for bone mineral density loss with prolonged use (≥2 years; partially reversible after discontinuation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F22-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries a '''Boxed Warning''' for heart failure (do not initiate in NYHA III/IV; can precipitate or worsen HF in any patient)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000826-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the '''antidepressant Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children/adolescents/young adults and the atypical-neuroleptic '''Boxed Warning''' for increased mortality in elderly dementia patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning for serious skin reactions''' including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, with the risk concentrated in the first 2-8 weeks of therapy and elevated by rapid titration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the NSAID-class '''Boxed Warning''' for cardiovascular thrombotic events and serious GI bleeding'"`UNIQ--ref-000011FB-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults. Not controlled'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002E-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the atypical-neuroleptic '''Boxed Warning''' for increased mortality in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D84-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C5-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin: tendinitis/tendon rupture (especially elderly, corticosteroid co-use), peripheral neuropathy, CNS effects, worsening of myasthenia gravis'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF7-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Caution with QT-prolonging medicines (quinidine itself is class IA antiarrhythmic, and the dose here, though sub-antiarrhythmic, still contributes to QT)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001585-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. NSAID-class '''Boxed Warning''' for CV thrombotic events and GI bleeding; triptans contraindicated in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension, and recent ergot or MAOI use'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D3-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. NSAID-class '''Boxed Warning''' for CV thrombotic events and GI bleeding'"`UNIQ--ref-00001270-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, distinguishing it from carisoprodol among muscle-spasm options'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, distinguishing it from carisoprodol which is Schedule IV'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, distinguishing it from the carisoprodol alternative for muscle spasm'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, like guanfacine and unlike the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, which is a meaningful clinical advantage over benzodiazepine alternatives for chronic anxiety'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, which is a meaningful clinical advantage over the benzodiazepine alternatives for short-term anxiety'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, which is a meaningful contrast to the psychostimulant alternatives for ADHD'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule III|Schedule III controlled substance]] in US (Fiorinal is scheduled federally; Fioricet with acetaminophen is unscheduled federally despite identical butalbital content, a regulatory quirk)
[[USLegal:Schedule III|Schedule III controlled substance]] in US. '''Contraindicated in children <12''' for any indication and in any age post-tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy (FDA 2017 black-box advisory)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001519-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US. Acetaminophen content limited to ≤325 mg per dosage unit (FDA 2014)
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US; WHO essential medicine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US'"`UNIQ--ref-00000019-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US (federally scheduled 2014); some states schedule higher'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US (tramadol was reclassified from non-controlled to Schedule IV in 2014 after recognition of dependence risk)
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning''' for '''complex sleep behaviors''' (sleep-driving, sleep-walking, sleep-eating, other parasomnias) added in 2019'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the benzodiazepine class '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of fatal respiratory depression, coma, and death when combined with opioids'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
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