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Medicines (732)
Medicines
> fda max:
40 mg/d
&
pregnancy:
None
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generic:
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None
·
Indication-specific
· 40 mg/d ·
10 mg/d
·
20 mg/d
·
80 mg/d
·
10 mg/d (adults)
·
100 mg/d
·
4 g/d
·
400 mg/d
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40 mg/d typical; up to 240 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison
·
5 mg/d
·
50 mg/d
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600 mg/d
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No fixed ceiling; titrate to clinical effect and tolerability with CDC opioid prescribing guidance constraints on morphine-milligram-equivalent (MME) totals
·
No fixed maximum; titrated to TSH target
·
TID per eye
·
Titrated to glucose; no fixed ceiling
·
Titrated to glucose; no fixed maximum
·
'''20 mg/day in adults >60 years''' per FDA's 2011-2012 QT-prolongation warning; 40 mg/day in adults ≤60
Other values:
'''4.5 mg/kg (without epinephrine), 7 mg/kg (with epinephrine)''' for infiltration; serum level monitoring required for prolonged IV antiarrhythmic use
0.5 mg/d
0.8 mg/d (rarely needed)
1 capsule BID (40 mg DXM / 20 mg quinidine per day)
1 drop per eye q8-12h
1 drop/eye/day (more frequent dosing reduces efficacy)
1 g/d (oral); 6 g/d (IV)
1 mg/d
1 mg/d typical Rx; higher in specific indications
1.8 mg in any 1-hour period (acute gout); 1.2 mg/d (prophylaxis with renal/hepatic impairment); much lower with strong CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibitors
1.8 mg/day SC (Victoza, T2DM)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000185-QINU`"' · 3.0 mg/day SC (Saxenda, obesity)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000186-QINU`"'
10 mg BID for the first 7 days of acute VTE; otherwise 5 mg BID
10 mg per 24 h
10 mg/d (5 mg if severe renal or moderate hepatic impairment, or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors)
10 mg/day (IR); 12.5 mg/day (CR)
10 mg/day (anxiety, oral)
10 mg/kg q2w
10 µg twice daily (Byetta)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000E7-QINU`"' · 2 mg once weekly (Bydureon BCise)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000E8-QINU`"'
100 mcg/d typical
100 mg/d (ED); 20 mg TID (PAH)
100 mg/d (rarely used)
100 mg/day (adult)
100 mg/day (adult); 1.4 mg/kg/day or 100 mg total (pediatric, whichever lower)
100 mg/day (vertigo)
100-200 mg/day depending on indication
1000 mg/d (osteoarthritis); 1200 mg/d (rheumatoid arthritis)
12 inhalations/d (rescue); higher for severe exacerbation under monitoring
12 puffs MDI/d typical; nebulized 2000 mcg/d
120 mg/d (ER); IR not for chronic hypertension
120 mg/day (IV/IM); 40 mg/day (oral); '''5-day maximum total combined therapy''' to mitigate the GI bleeding, AKI, and platelet dysfunction risks
1200 mg/day (adult seizures); 1600 mg/day (bipolar mania)
140 mg/month
1400 mg q4w
15 mg/day (oral); 30 mg IV once daily (Anjeso)
15 mg/wk SC'"`UNIQ--ref-000002FE-QINU`"''"`UNIQ--ref-000002FF-QINU`"'
150 mg/d
150 mg/d (treatment)
150 mg/day (oral); use lowest effective dose for shortest duration per FDA NSAID class guidance
150 mg/day; therapeutic plasma-level monitoring recommended (target 50-150 ng/mL window)
1500 mg/day (Rx); 660 mg/24h (OTC, without provider direction)
16 mg/d (8 mg/d OTC)
16 mg/d (IR); 8 mg/d (XL)
16 mg/day (schizophrenia, adult); 6 mg/day (bipolar maintenance, autism irritability)
160 mg/d (Zollinger-Ellison); 80 mg/d for routine indications
160 mg/d (rarely tolerated due to anticholinergic effects)
1600 mg/day (theoretical seizure dosing); practical use 400 mg/day for seizures, 100-200 mg/day for migraine prophylaxis
18 mg olanzapine / 75 mg fluoxetine per day
180 mg/d (adults)
195 units/treatment for chronic migraine; max varies by problem
2 g/d (Niaspan); higher off-label use historical
2 g/d typical
2 g/day (seizures); typically much lower for essential tremor
2 mg/wk SC (Ozempic)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024B-QINU`"' · 2.4 mg/wk SC (Wegovy)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024C-QINU`"' · 14 mg PO daily (Rybelsus)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000024D-QINU`"'
2 sprays/nostril BID
2 tablets per 24 hours; ≤4 days per month to avoid medicine-overuse headache
2 tablets/day (dextromethorphan 90 mg / bupropion 210 mg)
2.4 g/d
2.4 mg/day (HTN, IR); 0.4 mg/day (ADHD, Kapvay)
20 mg/d (ED, PRN); 5 mg/d (daily / BPH); 40 mg/d (PAH)
20 mg/d (hypertension); 10 mg/d (other indications typical)
20 mg/day (IR); 28 mg/day (XR)
20 mg/day (adult); 10 mg/day in elderly and in hepatic impairment
20 mg/day (oral)
20 mg/day (seizures); commonly limited to 4 mg/day for anxiety in current practice
200 mg/d
200 mg/d (100 mg/d if on CYP3A4 inhibitors)
200 mg/d typical practical ceiling
200 mg/day (oral); 12 mg/day (SC); 40 mg/day (nasal spray); 44 mg/day (Onzetra)
200 mg/day (typical adult oral)
2000 mg/d
225 mg/day outpatient (XR); 375 mg/day inpatient (IR divided TID); 75 mg/day in moderate hepatic impairment
23 mg/day
24 mg/day (Parkinson disease); 4 mg/day (restless legs syndrome)
24/6 mg/d (most labels)
240 mg loading + 120 mg/month for migraine; 300 mg/month for cluster
240 mg/d (mononitrate ER); 160 mg/d (dinitrate)
240 mg/day
2400 mg/day (adult)
2400 mg/day (oral); 300 mg total per IV bolus dosing series
25 mg/d
25 mg/day (ADHD per Desoxyn label); 15 mg/day (obesity, short-term, per Desoxyn label)
250 mg/d
2550 mg/d (IR); 2000 mg/d (ER)
28/10 mg/d
290 mcg/d
3 g/d (zoster)
3 g/d typical; higher in severe infections under specialist guidance
30 mg/24 hours
30 mg/d (XL) typical
30 mg/d (acute VTE first 21 days as 15 mg BID); otherwise 20 mg/d
30 mg/d for short-term use
30 mg/day (IR or ER)
30 mg/day (adult schizophrenia); 15 mg/day (MDD adjunct)
300 mg/d
300 mg/d typical practical limit (toxicity rises sharply above)
300 mg/day (IR or CR)
300 mg/day (depression, hospitalized); 150 mg/day outpatient; 6 mg/day for insomnia
300 mg/day (historical hospitalized inpatient depression); 150 mg/day outpatient typical ceiling
300 mg/day (oral)
300 mg/quarter
3000 mg/day
32 mg naltrexone / 360 mg bupropion per day
32 mg/day adult; weight-based pediatric ceiling
320 mg/d (hypertension); 320 mg/d (HF)
3200 mg/day (Rx); 1200 mg/day (OTC, without provider direction)
34 mg/d
35.6 mg/d
36 mg/day in three divided doses; single dose maximum 16 mg
360 mg/day
3600 mg/day; off-label doses higher are common but bioavailability saturates well below this
37.5 mg/d
4 L per procedure (standard-volume products)
4 g/d (rarely tolerated due to GI effects)
4 g/d in healthy adults; 3 g/d conservative limit; 2 g/d in cirrhosis or chronic alcohol use
4 g/d typical
4 mg/d (schizophrenia); 3 mg/d (AD agitation); 3 mg/d (MDD adjunct)
4% topical; limit duration of use
4.5 mg/day (Parkinson disease); 0.5 mg/day (restless legs syndrome)
4.5 mg/wk SC'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"'
4.8 g/d (IV severe infection)
40 mg every week (selected indications); otherwise 40 mg every other week
40 mg/d (IR; doses >15 mg given as divided BID); 20 mg/d (XL)
40 mg/d (rarely needed; 40 mg restricted to patients not at goal on 20 mg)
40 mg/d standard; 80 mg/d restricted to patients tolerating 80 mg for ≥12 months without myopathy (post-SEARCH 2011 FDA restriction)
40 mg/d typical; up to 360 mg/d for Zollinger-Ellison
40 mg/day (oral, anxiety)
400 mg/d (acute primary aldosteronism diagnosis); 100-200 mg/d typical chronic
400 mg/d (pediatric); 600 mg/d (adult)
400 mg/d (rarely used)
400 mg/d typical maintenance; weight-adjusted ceiling per ophthalmology guidance
400 mg/day (IR, adult); 300 mg/day (ER); 300 mg/day in elderly >75 years
400 mg/day (bipolar monotherapy); 700 mg/day (epilepsy with enzyme-inducing comedication)
400 mg/day for chronic indications; higher for short-term acute pain
400 mg/day outpatient; 600 mg/day inpatient
400 mg/day theoretical; in practice rarely exceeds 200 mg/day
4000 mg/day (analgesic)
42 mg/d
420 mg/month
45 mg/d
45 mg/day
450 mg/day; doses above this raise seizure risk steeply
5 mg/d (adults)
50 g/week (cream/ointment); 2-week continuous limit; 4-week maximum cumulative
50 mg BID in heart failure (or once-daily equivalent CR); 25 mg BID in hypertension
50 mg/d (hypertension); up to 200 mg/d (edema)
50 mg/d × 14 d
50 mg/day (IR); 62.5 mg/day (CR); 60 mg/day (OCD)
50 mg/day (no efficacy benefit shown for higher doses despite the 100 mg strength being available)
500 mg/d (typical regimen); single 2 g for Zmax; 2 g for select STIs
6 capsules/d (300 mg butalbital, 1950 mg acetaminophen, 240 mg caffeine)
6 capsules/d (300 mg butalbital, 1950 mg aspirin, 240 mg caffeine)
6 mg/d (psychosis/mania); 3 mg/d (depression adjunct)
60 mg/d typical
60 mg/day
60 mg/day (oral, hypertension); 0.5% BID (ophthalmic)
60 mg/kg/d (typically up to 3000 mg/d)
600 mg/d typical practical ceiling in heart failure
600 mg/day (seizures); 450 mg/day (fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain)
640 mg/d (HTN); 240 mg/d (migraine)
675 mg/quarter
7 mg/day in children and adolescents; weight-based ceiling (~0.12 mg/kg/day) applies in smaller patients
70 mg/day
70 mg/week treatment; 40 mg/d for 6 months in Paget's
75 mg per dose; one dose per 24 hours (acute); one dose every other day (preventive)
75 mg/d maintenance (loading doses are single events)
750 mg/d
8 g/day (oral, short-term load); 6 g/day (chronic)
8 mg/d
8 tablets/d (300 mg tramadol / 2600 mg acetaminophen); 5-day duration limit per label
80 mg/d (40 mg/d if combined with diltiazem, verapamil, danazol; lower limits with various interactions)
80 mg/day oral (higher off-label)
800 mg/d
800 mg/d (rarely needed)
800 mg/d (severe invasive disease)
800 mg/day
84 mg per session
9 g/night
90 mg BID (acute year); 60 mg BID (chronic post-MI)
Acetaminophen 4 g/d absolute (3 g/d conservative); oxycodone titrated to effect
Acetaminophen 4 g/d absolute; codeine 240-360 mg/d typical practical limit
Aspirin GI/bleeding-limited; oxycodone titrated to effect
BID topical; once daily nail lacquer
Formulation-dependent
Formulation-specific (e.g., 145 mg/d Tricor, 200 mg/d Lipofen)
Formulation-specific; ~4.8 g/d typical maximum oral
ICS 880 mcg/d (asthma); intranasal 200 mcg/d
ICS ~1280 mcg/d; intranasal 256 mcg/d; Entocort 9 mg/d standard
IV peripheral 10 mEq/h (40 mEq/L); IV central 20 mEq/h with cardiac monitoring; PO single doses generally ≤40 mEq
IV: monitored by levels (trough <1 mg/L for extended-interval; <2 mg/L for traditional)
Indication-dependent; 200-400 mg/d oral typical
Indication-specific; ACLS no fixed cumulative ceiling
Indication-specific; HE may require high-volume dosing
Indication-specific; bowel prep regimens reach 4 L cumulative
Indication-specific; high-dose IV regimens for encephalitis or disseminated disease
Indication-specific; lowest effective dose for shortest duration is the WHI-era standard
Indication-specific; renal clearance limits tolerable cumulative dosing
Indication-specific; titrated to effect
Intranasal 200 mcg/d (adults); inhaled 880 mcg/d
Limit to 48 hours of use to avoid hemolysis and methemoglobinemia
Limit topical to 10-day courses to reduce resistance pressure
N/A (never approved)
N/A (no current medical indication)
No fixed maximum; cumulative-dose toxicity drives all chronic decisions
No fixed maximum; titrated to INR target
No fixed maximum; titrated to clinical endpoints
No fixed maximum; titrated to pH and bicarbonate level; chronic high oral doses cause metabolic alkalosis and volume overload
No fixed maximum; titrated; sodium correction rate in chronic hyponatremia must not exceed 8-10 mEq/L per 24 hours to avoid osmotic demyelination
No strict ceiling for water-soluble vitamin; UL not set
No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity
No strict; Institute of Medicine UL 4,000 IU/d in adults for chronic use
Not FDA-approved; clinical-trial protocols use up to 30 mg in adult investigational dosing
Not formally established (dietary supplement); doses above ~3-5 mg show no additional efficacy but increase next-day sedation risk
Not strictly fixed; long-term Upper Limit ~4,000 IU/d in adults (Institute of Medicine)
Not yet approved
Once daily (Pataday 0.7%); BID (other ophthalmic)
One dose per day
One drop per eye per day
Oral maintenance 400 mg/d typical; higher in refractory cases
Per formulation
Rheumatologic ~25 mg/week; oncology indication-specific
Single 200-400 mcg/kg per dose for systemic indications
Single 60-hour course
Single doses ≤16 mg (FDA 2012 advisory withdrew the 32 mg single IV dose for QT-prolongation risk); 24-32 mg/d divided
Titrated to glucose
Titrated; risk of hypercalcemia is the limiting factor
Topical: BID; troche: 5×/day
Topical: nightly; oral APL: 45 mg/m²/d
Topical: nightly; systemic: regimen-specific
Topical: per formulation; oral supplement age-dependent
Topical: regimen-specific; oral: 400 mg/d in remaining specialty indications
Transplant: regimen-specific
UL 1000 mg (~1500 IU natural)/d in adults; routinely exceeded in older AREDS-1 trials
UL 2000 mg/d in adults
Withdrawn 2024
XR = 40 or 60 mg/d; IR = 40 or 60 mg/d'"`UNIQ--ref-00000567-QINU`"'
~10 mg/d typical
~1500 mg/d (oral); 1200 mg/d (IV)
~200 mg elemental iron/d typical practical limit
~200 mg/d for most indications; higher doses for severe infections
~2500 mg elemental/d combined diet + supplements (chronic; UL)
~4 g/d (severe systemic infection)
~480 mg/d (oral) for cardiovascular indications; higher off-label for cluster
~480 mg/d (oral); IV per protocol
~500 mg/d typical
Search
routes:
(There are no values for this filter)
onset:
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duration:
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halflife:
(There are no values for this filter)
bioavailability:
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pregnancy:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
Category C
·
Limited data; avoid
·
Limited data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited human data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data
·
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"'
·
Category B
·
Chronic third-trimester exposure produces neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and respiratory depression at delivery.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe (minimal systemic absorption).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data; switch to insulin where feasible.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data; weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Avoid in second and third trimesters; fetal SGLT2 inhibition disrupts kidney development.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Avoid where possible; class concerns as for other loop diuretics.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe due to minimal systemic absorption.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe; minimal systemic exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Other values:
'''Among the least preferred SSRIs in pregnancy.''' Observational signal for cardiac malformations (atrial and ventricular septal defects) with first-trimester exposure, and the most severe neonatal adaptation syndrome of any SSRI with third-trimester exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002D-QINU`"'
'''Among the safest antihypertensives in pregnancy''', recommended for chronic hypertension during pregnancy and first-line for severe hypertension in preeclampsia and eclampsia'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
'''Among the safest mood stabilizers in pregnancy''' with reassuring monotherapy registry data, in sharp contrast to valproate. Estrogen-containing contraceptives accelerate lamotrigine metabolism, requiring dose adjustments at start and stop of contraception'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
'''Avoid at term (38-42 weeks) and during labor''' (risk of neonatal hemolytic anemia, especially with G6PD deficiency); generally safe in earlier pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern); use only when benefit clearly outweighs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Considered one of the safest anticonvulsants in pregnancy''', with reassuring monotherapy registry data comparable to lamotrigine and in sharp contrast to valproate, topiramate, and carbamazepine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated for migraine prophylaxis in pregnancy; high teratogenic risk''' (neural tube defects, craniofacial anomalies, cardiac defects, cognitive/IQ impairment); avoid in women of childbearing potential without reliable contraception when alternatives exist'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097E-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (Category X); abortifacient and teratogenic. Discontinuation 3-6 months before conception is standard.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BE-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CF-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056E-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000844-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AF0-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A24-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B86-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C34-QINU`"'
'''Documented fetal growth restriction with chronic exposure'''; avoid in pregnancy if alternative β-blockers are appropriate. The β-blocker most consistently associated with intrauterine growth concerns'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
'''Pregnant individuals should not handle crushed/broken tablets''' (skin absorption risk); can cause hypospadias in male fetus. Not used in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Pregnant individuals should not handle dutasteride capsules''' (skin absorption risk through intact capsule); can cause hypospadias in male fetus.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Substantial teratogenic risk''' including cleft lip/palate, hypospadias, and growth restriction (pregnancy registry data clear); effective contraception and pre-pregnancy counseling are required in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
'''Substantial teratogenic risk''' including neural tube defects, craniofacial malformations, cardiac defects, and growth restriction; folic acid supplementation and effective contraception are required in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
Aminoglycoside-class ototoxicity in fetal cochlea is documented; use only when alternatives have failed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid after 20 weeks (NSAID-class FDA 2020 advisory on fetal renal injury and oligohydramnios with second/third-trimester use).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid after 20 weeks (NSAID-class FDA 2020 advisory).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning; contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure, which is paradoxically the basis of the neonatal PDA-closure indication)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning; contraindicated from 30 weeks. Specifically contraindicated in labor and delivery due to inhibition of uterine contractions'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
Avoid in pregnancy; antiandrogen effects can feminize a male fetus.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid in pregnancy; switch to LMWH. Crosses placenta; warfarin-class concerns about fetal hemorrhage and teratogenicity make heparins the preferred class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid where possible; can reduce uteroplacental perfusion and produce neonatal electrolyte disturbance. Reserved for compelling indications.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case.
Avoid. Discontinue at least 1 month before planned pregnancy. Animal data show embryofetal harm.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue before planned pregnancy.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000EF-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue before planned pregnancy.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018C-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue ≥1 month pre-conception. May reduce oral contraceptive efficacy during titration.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000304-QINU`"'
Avoid; NSAID-class restriction after 20 weeks (FDA 2020) and limited triptan pregnancy data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; aspirin teratogenicity concerns plus opioid neonatal withdrawal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; may cause fetal harm
Avoid; neonatal opioid withdrawal documented.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated.
Avoid; switch to insulin. Hypoglycemia in newborn reported.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; switch to insulin. Neonatal hypoglycemia reported.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoided where possible; same class concerns as HCTZ.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoided; barbiturate + aspirin teratogenicity and bleeding concerns.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Category C (buprenorphine-only formulations preferred in pregnancy)
Category C (not relevant; not used in women)
Category C (per Desoxyn label)
Category C; limited data
Category C'"`UNIQ--ref-00000045-QINU`"'
Category C'"`UNIQ--ref-0000008F-QINU`"'
Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"'
Category X, contraindicated; teratogenic (virilization of female fetus)
Contraindicated in known pregnancy (Aygestin); the 0.35 mg POP is not teratogenic and does not need to be discontinued before conception planning.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in known pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (FDA label).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (only used in postmenopausal women); D class historically.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (use is not appropriate during gestation; class label X). Lactation considerations vary by indication.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Discontinued/withdrawn
Extensive use experience in obstetric anesthesia; broadly considered safe'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
First-line in pregnancy; dose typically increased 25-30% due to estrogen-driven rise in TBG and fetal demand. Lactation safe at physiologic doses.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; barbiturate exposure in late pregnancy can produce neonatal withdrawal and respiratory depression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; fetal goiter/hypothyroidism risk (iodine load). Used only for life-threatening arrhythmia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; not first-line.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable for short-term use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe (minimal systemic exposure).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe after the first trimester; first-trimester use weighed against indication.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe at standard doses; benefits typically outweigh in active IBD.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe in pregnancy (no systemic absorption).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; commonly used in pregnancy when macrolide indicated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; commonly used in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; loratadine and cetirizine have more pregnancy data and are typically preferred.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; pregnancy registries do not show increased major malformation risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in PCOS and gestational diabetes; placental transfer occurs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in obstetric reflux.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Cetirizine and loratadine remain the more-studied alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Cleared in lactation at low levels.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Levocetirizine (the R-enantiomer) is an alternative with similar safety.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Loratadine and cetirizine are the most-recommended 2nd-gen H1s in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally safe at replacement doses; treat the underlying cause of hypokalemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally used when influenza treatment is indicated; pregnancy is a recognized risk factor for severe influenza.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
IV sulfate is the cornerstone of eclampsia/preeclampsia management; oral replacement also safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Inhaled and intranasal generally considered safe; widely used in asthma in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; aspart is widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; degludec has reassuring observational data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; glargine has reassuring observational data, though NPH and detemir remain the traditional choices.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; lispro is widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Intranasal long considered acceptable; widely used in obstetric rhinitis.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Investigational
Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed)
Limited data; LABA/LAMA strategies in pregnancy generally favor agents with the most reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; National Pregnancy Registry available
Limited data; National Pregnancy Registry for Atypical Antipsychotics
Limited data; alternative antihypertensives generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; avoid in pregnancy. Lactation: present in milk; consider risks
Limited data; case series and registries suggest no major teratogenicity but other antihypertensives (labetalol, nifedipine) are typically preferred.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; fluoxetine has reassuring data but olanzapine carries metabolic-syndrome and gestational diabetes signals.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided in pregnancy for the cosmetic indication of onychomycosis.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided particularly in combination with statin.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided unless triglyceride pancreatitis risk is high.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; labetalol/nifedipine generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; minimal systemic absorption likely renders fetal risk low.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; not first-line in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; pitolisant may reduce hormonal contraceptive efficacy
Limited data; pregnancy exposure registry available
Limited data; quinidine has been used in pregnancy as antiarrhythmic.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; rarely indicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; risk-benefit case by case; pregnancy is not a strict contraindication in WHO mass drug administration programs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; second-line to intranasal corticosteroids or PO loratadine/cetirizine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh against alternatives (aspirin) where feasible.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh against alternatives, though systemic exposure is low.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh benefits/risks
Limited human data. Animal studies show fetal effects at maternally toxic doses; use only if benefits justify the potential risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; animal reproductive studies not conducted<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; case reports of neonatal sedation with late-pregnancy exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; endogenous hormone, but supplemental pharmacological doses are not well characterized in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; observational signals inconclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience and no clear teratogenic signal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience; some signal for first-trimester exposure but not conclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; pregnancy registry data have been broadly reassuring across the triptan class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; pregnancy registry data have been broadly reassuring relative to baseline malformation rates.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; rarely indicated in pregnancy given the patient population.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; rarely indicated in pregnancy given the typical patient population.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; signal for neonatal extrapyramidal symptoms and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some animal cardiac signal not clearly replicated in human cohort studies; observational signals inconclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some observational signals reassuring relative to other antidepressants.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some signal for cardiac malformations and developmental delay but confounded by maternal disease and polytherapy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some signal for cleft palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; the amphetamine class is associated with intrauterine growth restriction and neonatal withdrawal symptoms.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; β-blocker class effects include fetal growth restriction and neonatal bradycardia/hypoglycemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited safety data; weigh benefit individually.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited use in pregnancy; chronic third-trimester opioid exposure produces neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and respiratory depression at delivery.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long the preferred ICS in pregnancy (Pulmicort) due to the most pregnancy data among the class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long the preferred analgesic-antipyretic in pregnancy; recent observational studies have raised speculative neurodevelopmental signals that remain under investigation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long-considered safe in pregnancy for lupus and other rheumatologic indications; benefits typically outweigh.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long-term skeletal retention is a concern given the unknown effect on developing fetal bone; generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Low-dose (81 mg) safe and indicated for preeclampsia prophylaxis after 12 weeks in high-risk patients per USPSTF; high-dose aspirin avoid third trimester due to premature ductus arteriosus closure and bleeding risk
Medicine is structurally identical to endogenous allopregnanolone; pregnancy considerations relate to breastfeeding during/after infusion. Limited data; brief interruption of breastfeeding considered
Not absorbed; generally considered acceptable when bowel prep is required<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Not applicable (male indication); historical Category B if used in unrelated female cases.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Not established
Not indicated; pregnancy effects unknown
Not relevant (geriatric problem)
Not studied in human pregnancy; no approved clinical use in any population
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with late-pregnancy exposure (SNRI class effect).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with late-pregnancy exposure; weigh against the risks of untreated maternal depression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with third-trimester exposure (SSRI class effect).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (small absolute risk) and neonatal adaptation syndrome with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience but limited controlled data; case reports of neonatal sedation and transient hypertension with maternal use near term.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience, including in hyperemesis gravidarum; broadly reassuring observational data'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
Older agent with substantial use experience; broadly considered safe in pregnancy'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Older agent with substantial use experience; observational signals not clearly causal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience; observational signals reassuring for first-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
One of the better-studied basal insulin analogs in pregnancy; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
One of the historically preferred IV agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy alongside labetalol and nifedipine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Oral nifedipine is one of the preferred agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy and for tocolysis in preterm labor.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Penicillin G is the only fully effective syphilis treatment in pregnancy; penicillin-allergic pregnant patients require desensitization.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Pharmacologic doses generally avoided in pregnancy; vitamin doses fine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Preferred SABA in pregnancy; benefits of asthma control outweigh limited risks.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Limited reproductive data with small observational signal for cardiac malformations; risk-benefit decision, with many patients deferring ADHD treatment during pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full discussion.
Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Quetiapine has reassuring active-comparator cohort data without consistent teratogenic signal; among the preferred neuroleptics when treatment is clinically necessary in pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full citation set.
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021. Use individualized.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021. Use individualized; lactation generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routine antacid and acidosis correction acceptable
Routinely supplemented in pregnancy and preconception to prevent neural tube defects.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely supplemented in pregnancy; needs higher in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely used; iron requirements rise substantially in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement and supplement doses.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement doses; deficiency is itself a risk in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement doses; high-dose use generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at routine doses; routinely supplemented in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at routine fluoride levels.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Signal for gestational diabetes and metabolic syndrome with maternal exposure; the metabolic load can be substantial during pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Signal for neonatal extrapyramidal symptoms and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some controversial signal for first-trimester gastroschisis association in observational studies; limited use is generally considered acceptable after the first trimester.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for cleft lip/palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for cleft palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for major congenital malformations; limited human data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Standard fluid and electrolyte management
Standard resuscitation fluid in pregnancy
Substantial teratogenic signal (barbiturate class effects including neonatal withdrawal and hemorrhagic disease of newborn).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Synthetic levothyroxine is the standard-of-care in pregnancy; desiccated thyroid use in pregnancy is not well studied<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
T4 (levothyroxine) is the first-line in pregnancy; T3 is rarely needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
TCA class signal; limited human data specific to doxepin.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
TCA class signal; limited human data specific to nortriptyline.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Teratogenic signal less than carbamazepine but present; folate supplementation and effective contraception are appropriate in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
Topical and vaginal generally considered safe; widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical corticosteroids in pregnancy: use lowest potency and smallest area; super-potent agents like clobetasol are reserved for compelling indications.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical generally safe; oral avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical/intranasal generally low-risk; intra-articular and high-dose injection: weigh risk individually.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical: avoid; systemic: contraindicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use in fetal SVT (transplacental antiarrhythmic therapy) is established; otherwise weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; small association with oral clefts debated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; small association with oral clefts in first trimester debated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; widely used at physiologic doses for adrenal insufficiency.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in FMF in pregnancy; otherwise weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in antenatal lung maturation (24-34 weeks gestation; 6 mg IM q12h × 4 doses); broader use weighs benefits against fetal HPA suppression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in life-threatening obstetric anaphylaxis without hesitation; benefits clearly outweigh.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in obstetric emergencies (uterine relaxation, severe hypertension) when needed; otherwise limited routine use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in transplant pregnancy when continued immunosuppression is required; reassuring data overall but careful monitoring needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used when benefits outweigh risk; oral cleft signal in first-trimester exposure is debated and small in absolute terms.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used when needed for hypoparathyroidism or renal osteodystrophy in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used for hyperemesis gravidarum; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in obstetric reflux; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy for HSV/VZV indications; reassuring registry data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy when antiviral indicated; reassuring registry data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy; meta-analyses do not show increased malformation risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
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