Jump to content
Main menu
Main menu
move to sidebar
hide
Navigation
Main Page
My Profile
My Assessments
My Life Story
Administer Assessments
Med Classes
Problems
Recent changes
Feature requests
Pharmacopedia
Search
Search
Appearance
Create account
Log in
Personal tools
Create account
Log in
Drilldown: Medicines
English
Tools
Tools
move to sidebar
hide
Actions
General
Printable version
Appearance
move to sidebar
hide
Pharmacopedia
Browse
Categories
Log in
Nav
Pharmacopedia
×
Main
Main page
Medicines A–Z
Categories
Recent changes
My account
Log in
Help
About
Special pages
Feature requests
Choose a table:
Medicines (732)
Medicines
> halflife:
16-22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047D-QINU`"'
&
pregnancy:
None
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
Doxycycline (1)
brand:
Vibramycin, Doryx, Oracea, Adoxa, Monodox, Acticlate (1)
classes:
[[:Category:Bacteriostatic_antibiotics|Bacteriostatic antibiotic]] (1)
·
[[:Category:Tetracycline_antibiotics|Tetracycline antibiotic]] (1)
mechanism:
None
(1)
uses:
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000475-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000476-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000477-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000478-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000479-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000047A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000047B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000047C-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
100 mg PO BID; rickettsial 200 mg/d; doxy-PEP 200 mg within 72 hours after condomless sex (1)
preparations:
50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg tablets and capsules; delayed-release; suspension; IV (1)
fda max:
~200 mg/d for most indications; higher doses for severe infections (1)
routes:
IV (1)
·
Oral (1)
onset:
Hours (1)
duration:
12 hours (1)
halflife:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
~12 hours
·
~27 days
·
~5 h (caffeine)
·
'''Autoinduction''': 25-65 hours initially, falling to 12-17 hours after 2-3 weeks of dosing as carbamazepine induces its own CYP3A4 metabolism. Major clinical implication: doses require re-titration after the autoinduction period'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
·
0.5-1.5 hours (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect persists 24+ hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000000DE-QINU`"'
·
1-1.3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001A1-QINU`"'
·
1-1.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DE3-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours (parent compound)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours (parent); 18-30 hours for active metabolite oxypurinol'"`UNIQ--ref-0000030F-QINU`"'
·
1-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
·
1-3 hours (normal liver); markedly prolonged in overdose with glutathione depletion'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A5-QINU`"'
·
1-3 minutes (very short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C0F-QINU`"'
·
1.4 hours (parent); 13-24 hours for active metabolite canrenone'"`UNIQ--ref-00000354-QINU`"'
·
1.5-2 hours (longer in renal failure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000222-QINU`"'
·
1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
·
10-11 hours (benazeprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A22-QINU`"'
·
11-13 h (immediate-release); 11-16 h (extended-release)
·
11-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000842-QINU`"'
·
12-15 hours (intermediate); '''no active metabolites''' (key clinical feature)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
Other values:
12-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
12-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
12-17 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
14 hours (parent); 20-30 hours including active ortho- and para-hydroxylated metabolites'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
14-25 hours (longer in elderly and hepatic impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
14–26 h (oral); ~3 weeks (decanoate)
15-20 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
16-22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047D-QINU`"'
18 hours (IR); 32-33 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
18-44 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
1–4 days (7–15 days for norfluoxetine)
2 hours (parent); 6-9 hours for active carboxylic acid metabolite EXP3174'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BC-QINU`"'
2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
2-3 hours (normal renal function); markedly prolonged in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-000010B3-QINU`"'
2-3 hours (parent and active N-desethyl metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006E1-QINU`"'
2-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000012-QINU`"'
2-4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
2-5 hours (IR); ER formulations extend functional duration via osmotic/matrix release'"`UNIQ--ref-0000074D-QINU`"'
2-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000002D9-QINU`"'
2.2 h (IR parent); ~3 h (XR parent)
2.5 hours (short, requires TID-QID dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
2.5-3.5 hours; longer in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000025B-QINU`"'
2.5–3 hours
2.7-5.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000015E-QINU`"'
20-40 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
21-54 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
24–42 h (buprenorphine); 1–2 h (naloxone)
27-32 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
2–3 h
2–3 h (parent compound)
3-10 hours (low dose); 8-15 hours (high dose); much longer in third-space accumulation (pleural effusion, ascites)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007C8-QINU`"'
3-4 hours (similar between PO and IV due to high oral bioavailability)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B46-QINU`"'
3-4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
3-4.5 hours (IR); 5-7 hours (ER; effective duration 24 hours via formulation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000642-QINU`"'
3-5 hours (IR); 4.5 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
3-6 hours (longer in hepatic impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000378-QINU`"'
3-7 hours (IR); functional 24 hours (ER)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A6B-QINU`"'
3-7 hours (slow acetylators) vs 1-3 hours (rapid acetylators) via NAT2 polymorphism'"`UNIQ--ref-00000687-QINU`"'
30-40 hours (long; accumulates with chronic dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
30-50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000078-QINU`"'
30-50 minutes (short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
30–60 min
36-42 hours (R/S enantiomers differ; S-warfarin is 2-5× more potent and cleared by CYP2C9)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000705-QINU`"'
3–5 hours
3–6 h
3–7 h
4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000938-QINU`"'
4-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
4-6 hours (inhaled and PO)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000099-QINU`"'
4-8 hours (longer in elderly, 9-13 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
40-60 hours (notable for the thiazide class)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000783-QINU`"'
4–5 h
5-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
5-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EF9-QINU`"'
5-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
5-9 hours (elderly: 11-13 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000513-QINU`"'
6-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013E-QINU`"'
6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BEB-QINU`"'
6-9 hours (substantially longer in renal impairment due to renal elimination)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
6.2 hours (plasma); ~17 hours in erythrocytes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
6.3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
60-100 hours (long)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
7-10 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
8-10 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000396-QINU`"'
8-12 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
8-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'
9-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001BC-QINU`"'
9-16 hours (pH-dependent: acidic urine shortens, alkaline urine substantially extends)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
9-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097C-QINU`"'
9–12 h
9–12 minutes (intravenous)
Amitriptyline 10-50 hours (highly variable); nortriptyline active metabolite 18-44 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
Approximately 18-24 hours after acute administration; may extend to 36-48 hours with chronic dosing as tissue compartments equilibrate. Serum trough levels should be drawn 12 hours after the last dose for accurate interpretation.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"'
Aqueous crystalline ~30 minutes; benzathine effective ~3 weeks via depot release'"`UNIQ--ref-00001419-QINU`"'
Aspirin 15-30 minutes; salicylate metabolite 2-3 hours (concentration-dependent, saturable at high doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
Biphasic: ~3-6 hours alpha, ~5-9 hours beta'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Buprenorphine sublingual: 24-42 hours (long, contributes to extended dosing intervals). Norbuprenorphine (active metabolite, weaker mu-agonist): 24-48 hours.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004F-QINU`"'
Bupropion ~21 hours; hydroxybupropion (active metabolite) ~20-37 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
Buspirone 2-3 hours; 1-PP active metabolite 4-6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Butalbital ~35 hours (long; cumulative effects with frequent use); acetaminophen 1-3 hours; caffeine 3-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000159F-QINU`"'
Butalbital ~35 hours; aspirin (acetyl group) ~15 minutes, salicylate 2-3 hours; caffeine 3-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B7-QINU`"'
Cariprazine ~2-4 d; major active metabolites desmethyl-cariprazine (DCAR) ~1-3 weeks → 'oral depot' effect with delayed steady-state and reduced effect of missed doses
Codeine 2.5-3.5 hours; acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001517-QINU`"'
D-amphetamine ~10 h; L-amphetamine ~13 h (adults)
Dextromethorphan substantially prolonged by quinidine's CYP2D6 inhibition (typical extensive metabolizers see ~10× higher AUC); quinidine ~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001583-QINU`"'
Dextromethorphan ~22 h (when CYP2D6 inhibited); bupropion ~21 h
Diazepam 20-50 hours; '''N-desmethyldiazepam (nordazepam) 30-200 hours''' is the major active metabolite and accumulates substantially with chronic dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect.
Highly variable by formulation; native T is hours
Highly variable, 7-46 hours (mean ~21 h); lipophilic deposition in fat with delayed re-release contributes to wide range'"`UNIQ--ref-00000065-QINU`"'
Mononitrate ~5 hours; dinitrate ~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-00001461-QINU`"'
Morphine 2-4 hours; morphine-6-glucuronide active metabolite 2-4 hours (longer with renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
N/A (incorporated into hemoglobin and tissue stores)
Naltrexone parent ~4 hours (oral); 6-beta-naltrexol (active metabolite) ~13 hours. Vivitrol depot terminal half-life 5-10 days with sustained release from microspheres maintaining blockade for the 4-week dosing interval.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004F-QINU`"'
Naltrexone ~4 hours (6β-naltrexol metabolite ~13 hours); bupropion ~21 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001568-QINU`"'
Not absorbed
Not applicable (electrolyte and buffer)
Not applicable (electrolyte solution)
Not applicable (electrolyte)
Not formally established
Not meaningfully described
Not meaningfully described (electrolyte)
Not meaningfully described (electrolyte; renally cleared)
Not meaningfully described (minimal systemic absorption from topical use)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F45-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption from intact skin or oral mucosa)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001398-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption — the drug acts locally and is degraded in the GI tract)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000119C-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (negligible systemic absorption)
Not meaningfully described (not systemically absorbed)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D17-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described (topical local action)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001239-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for an electrolyte; distribution between intra- and extracellular compartments is the relevant kinetic
Not meaningfully described for ophthalmic use'"`UNIQ--ref-00001287-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for topical use (systemic exposure varies with surface area, occlusion, skin integrity)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000079E-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described for topical use'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A02-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described — lactulose is not significantly absorbed
Not meaningfully described — sucralfate is essentially non-absorbed'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DC2-QINU`"'
Not meaningfully described — topical local action with minimal systemic absorption'"`UNIQ--ref-00001218-QINU`"'
Not well characterized
Not well characterized; tissue incorporation over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-00000051-QINU`"'
Not well characterized'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
Olanzapine ~30 hours; fluoxetine 1-4 days (norfluoxetine 7-15 days)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000154D-QINU`"'
Oxcarbazepine 2 hours; '''10-monohydroxy active metabolite (MHD) ~9 hours''' (the agent that produces essentially all of the clinical effect)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 3-5 hours; acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014E2-QINU`"'
Oxycodone 3-5 hours; aspirin (acetyl group) 15-20 minutes, salicylate 2-3 hours at therapeutic doses'"`UNIQ--ref-000014FA-QINU`"'
Parent lisdexamfetamine <1 hour; dextroamphetamine 10-12 hours after release'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
Plasma 2-3 hours; biologic ~18-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000867-QINU`"'
Plasma 2-3 hours; biologic ~18-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000008C4-QINU`"'
Plasma 3-4 hours; biologic ~12-36 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000002A3-QINU`"'
Plasma ~1-2 hours; biologic ~8-12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD1-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3 hours; bone half-life ~10 years'"`UNIQ--ref-000006C3-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3-4.5 hours; biologic ~36-72 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E2B-QINU`"'
Plasma ~3-5 hours; biologic effect substantially longer (~12-36 hours for intermediate-acting glucocorticoids)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000666-QINU`"'
Plasma ~5 hours; biologic ~36-54 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101A-QINU`"'
Primidone 5-15 hours; '''phenobarbital active metabolite 50-150 hours'''; PEMA (phenylethylmalonamide) active metabolite 16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000017-QINU`"'
Psilocin: ~2-3 h; psilocybin itself is a prodrug, dephosphorylated within minutes of absorption
Risperidone 3-20 hours; '''9-hydroxy-risperidone (paliperidone) ~20-24 hours''' is the major active metabolite and is separately marketed as a parent compound (Invega)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
Sumatriptan ~2.5 hours; naproxen 12-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000015D1-QINU`"'
T4 ~7 days; T3 ~1 day'"`UNIQ--ref-00000036-QINU`"'
Tissue half-life not formally measured; clinical effect ~12 weeks
Topical: not meaningfully described; oral 2-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000888-QINU`"'
Tramadol 6-7 hours; M1 active metabolite 7-9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"'
Tramadol ~5-7 hours (M1 metabolite ~9 hours); acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001530-QINU`"'
Variable; effect dependent on local intestinal action rather than systemic kinetics'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106B-QINU`"'
Venlafaxine 5 hours; desvenlafaxine active metabolite 11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~0.5 hours plasma; tissue retention longer
~0.5-2 hours (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BA3-QINU`"'
~1 day (much shorter than T4's ~7 days)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000149D-QINU`"'
~1 hour (IR niacin); ER formulations extend functional duration'"`UNIQ--ref-00001038-QINU`"'
~1 hour (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect persists 24+ hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000011D-QINU`"'
~1 hour SC'"`UNIQ--ref-00000589-QINU`"'
~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-000004F2-QINU`"'
~1 hour'"`UNIQ--ref-00001050-QINU`"'
~1-2 hours plasma (riboflavin itself); FAD/FMN tissue cofactors are continuous
~1.5 hours (plasma); pharmacodynamic effect 24+ hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-000008E8-QINU`"'
~1.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FF9-QINU`"'
~1.5-2 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D3E-QINU`"'
~1.7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000009E4-QINU`"'
~1.8 hours (initial); ~10 hours (terminal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B25-QINU`"'
~10 h (CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers); up to 31 h (poor metabolizers)
~10-20 days (steady-state body pool); single dose plasma ~2 hours
~10-20 minutes systemically (rapid hepatic and erythrocyte dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase clearance)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011BE-QINU`"'
~11 h
~11 hours (enalaprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B84-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"'
~11-17 days'"`UNIQ--ref-0000147F-QINU`"'
~12 hours (effective); terminal half-life is biphasic'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"'
~12 hours (effective); terminal much longer'"`UNIQ--ref-0000117C-QINU`"'
~12 hours apparent (functional duration ~24 hours due to depot release kinetics)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000023B-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FB-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D82-QINU`"'
~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000111F-QINU`"'
~12.1 days
~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000027C-QINU`"'
~12.4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000765-QINU`"'
~12.9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000552-QINU`"'
~13 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018A-QINU`"'
~13 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056C-QINU`"'
~13-17 hours (ramiprilat, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C32-QINU`"'
~13-20 hours (oral); transdermal pharmacokinetics buffer the peaks/troughs of oral dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-000003BA-QINU`"'
~14 days'"`UNIQ--ref-00001103-QINU`"'
~14 hours (adults); longer in elderly and renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000113F-QINU`"'
~14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CCC-QINU`"'
~15 hours (IR)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~15 hours (parent); nordoxepin active metabolite ~30 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~16-18 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001092-QINU`"'
~16-23 hours
~165 hours (~1 week), among the longest of any GLP-1 RA'"`UNIQ--ref-00000253-QINU`"'
~17 minutes (free acid, the active form, in aqueous humor)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000417-QINU`"'
~17-18 hours (Intuniv ER); ~17 hours (immediate-release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"'
~17-19 hours (longer than daridorexant)
~17.5 h
~18 hours (terminal)
~19 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000000FC-QINU`"'
~2 hours (parent and active β-hydroxy acid metabolite); pharmacodynamic effect lasts 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-0000017A-QINU`"'
~2 hours (plasma; minimal relevance — local-action drug)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7B-QINU`"'
~2 minutes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E52-QINU`"'
~2-3 hours (parent); pharmacodynamic effect 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-000003D5-QINU`"'
~2-3.6 hours (plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-000009A5-QINU`"'
~2-4 hours (parent and active β-hydroxy acid metabolite); pharmacodynamic effect 24 hours via target turnover'"`UNIQ--ref-00000807-QINU`"'
~2.4 hours (Byetta, short, hence the BID schedule)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000ED-QINU`"' · Effective release half-life ~2 weeks (Bydureon)'"`UNIQ--ref-000000EE-QINU`"'
~2.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~2.5-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001442-QINU`"'
~20 hours
~20 hours (fenofibric acid, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000004AD-QINU`"'
~20-60 minutes (plasma; not the relevant kinetic since urinary concentration matters)'"`UNIQ--ref-000008A3-QINU`"'
~21 hours (with nonlinear pharmacokinetics from CYP2D6 autoinhibition)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"'
~21 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
~22 hours (parent + active glucuronide)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000450-QINU`"'
~22 hours; longer 54 hours (desmethylazelastine, active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013B6-QINU`"'
~22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AB0-QINU`"'
~24 hours (6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011F9-QINU`"'
~24 hours (longest of the ARB class; suits patients with morning BP surge)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AEE-QINU`"'
~24 hours (parent); ~15 days (25(OH)D); 25(OH)D stores persist for months'"`UNIQ--ref-00000330-QINU`"'
~24 hours (parent); ~15 days (25(OH)D); tissue stores months
~25 days
~25 hours
~25 hours apparent (functional duration well over 42 hours from multi-hexamer depot)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000135A-QINU`"'
~25 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000129F-QINU`"'
~25-33 hours alone; ~15 hours with enzyme inducers; '''≥60 hours with valproate''' (UGT inhibition)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"'
~25-44 hours plasma; receptor kinetics drive the once-daily duration'"`UNIQ--ref-000009C0-QINU`"'
~26 h (sertraline; range 13-45 h, longer in females); ~62-104 h (N-desmethylsertraline, weakly active)
~27-31 hours; markedly prolonged in renal/hepatic impairment and with CYP3A4 or P-gp inhibitors'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C72-QINU`"'
~28 days
~3 hours (acyclovir, the active metabolite); longer in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-000005D6-QINU`"'
~3 hours (systemic, when measurable; topical action dominates)'"`UNIQ--ref-000011D9-QINU`"'
~3 hours; significantly prolonged in renal impairment'"`UNIQ--ref-0000090F-QINU`"'
~3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000010D1-QINU`"'
~3-4 days plasma; adipose tissue stores last months
~3-7 hours (parent); 16-24 hours including active metabolites'"`UNIQ--ref-00000824-QINU`"'
~30 hours (long, supports once-daily dosing and substantial drug-interaction window after discontinuation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A47-QINU`"'
~30-60 minutes'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E76-QINU`"'
~31 days
~35 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"'
~36 hours (terminal much longer due to tissue accumulation in skin/nails)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000EB2-QINU`"'
~4 h
~4 hours (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~4 months in erythrocytes (carbonic anhydrase binding in red cells; not relevant to topical IOP duration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B0A-QINU`"'
~4-6 hours (plasma); intrathyroidal accumulation gives a much longer functional duration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED3-QINU`"'
~40 days (terminal; reflects extensive tissue distribution)'"`UNIQ--ref-000007EC-QINU`"'
~45 minutes (free acid in aqueous humor)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DA1-QINU`"'
~45-68 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000DFE-QINU`"'
~5 days (~120 h)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000059-QINU`"'
~5 days (~120 h)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000303-QINU`"'
~5 h
~5 hours (plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F9C-QINU`"'
~5 hours in extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers; ~21 hours in CYP2D6 poor metabolizers'"`UNIQ--ref-00000014-QINU`"'
~5 weeks (much longer than finasteride's ~6 hours)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000D59-QINU`"'
~5-10 hours (5-ASA)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBE-QINU`"'
~5-20 hours (oral micronized; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000726-QINU`"'
~5-6 hours in young men, ~8 hours in elderly'"`UNIQ--ref-00000531-QINU`"'
~5-7 days
~5-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001164-QINU`"'
~5-9 hours (parent and active metabolites combined)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000492-QINU`"'
~50 days (Depo-Provera; long depot release)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F20-QINU`"'
~50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B64-QINU`"'
~50 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C4E-QINU`"'
~57 hours (parent), ~200 h (active metabolite)
~58 days (parent); ~61 days (desethylamiodarone, active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CB3-QINU`"'
~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years
~6 h (parent compound, immediate-release); ~9-12 h (active metabolite N-desalkylquetiapine, also called norquetiapine)
~6 hours (parent); active metabolite very short-lived but produces irreversible platelet effect'"`UNIQ--ref-000002C4-QINU`"'
~6 hours plasma; long bone retention
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000015-QINU`"'
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'
~6 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CD-QINU`"'
~6-10 hours (oseltamivir carboxylate, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000E94-QINU`"'
~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"'
~6-8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000CF5-QINU`"'
~6.6 h
~60–80 h (memantine); ~70 h (donepezil)
~66 hours
~68 hours (terminal; reflects deep tissue accumulation, much longer than plasma)'"`UNIQ--ref-000003FC-QINU`"'
~7 days (euthyroid); longer in hypothyroidism (~9-10 days), shorter in hyperthyroidism'"`UNIQ--ref-00000036-QINU`"'
~7 hours
~7 hours (parent); ~9 hours (active AR-C124910XX metabolite, accounts for ~30-40% of activity)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C92-QINU`"'
~7 hours apparent'"`UNIQ--ref-00001374-QINU`"'
~7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000126E-QINU`"'
~7-10 hours (variable; longer in renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FB4-QINU`"'
~7-12 hours
~7.1 hours
~7.8 hours (fluticasone propionate, inhaled systemic exposure)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001DD-QINU`"'
~70 hours (long, supports once-daily dosing without peak-trough variation)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"'
~75 hours (long, accumulates over weeks)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"'
~8 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000954-QINU`"'
~8 hours (parent); ~28 hours (desloratadine, the active metabolite, marketed separately as Clarinex)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000621-QINU`"'
~8 hours (shorter than suvorexant and lemborexant)
~8 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000013F5-QINU`"'
~8-27 hours (highly variable across the population)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A91-QINU`"'
~80 minutes SC'"`UNIQ--ref-000005F2-QINU`"'
~89 hours (EPA, the active metabolite)'"`UNIQ--ref-000013D1-QINU`"'
~9 hours (terminal)
~9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C3-QINU`"'
~9-14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD2-QINU`"'
~91 hours
Search
bioavailability:
~95% (oral; reduced by dairy, antacids, iron via divalent-cation chelation, though less than for tetracycline itself)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047E-QINU`"' (1)
pregnancy:
(Click arrow to add another value)
None
·
Category C
·
Limited data; avoid
·
Limited data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited human data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data
·
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"'
·
Category B
·
Chronic third-trimester exposure produces neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and respiratory depression at delivery.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe (minimal systemic absorption).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data; switch to insulin where feasible.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Limited data; weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Avoid in second and third trimesters; fetal SGLT2 inhibition disrupts kidney development.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Avoid where possible; class concerns as for other loop diuretics.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe due to minimal systemic absorption.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
·
Generally considered safe; minimal systemic exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Other values:
'''Among the least preferred SSRIs in pregnancy.''' Observational signal for cardiac malformations (atrial and ventricular septal defects) with first-trimester exposure, and the most severe neonatal adaptation syndrome of any SSRI with third-trimester exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002D-QINU`"'
'''Among the safest antihypertensives in pregnancy''', recommended for chronic hypertension during pregnancy and first-line for severe hypertension in preeclampsia and eclampsia'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
'''Among the safest mood stabilizers in pregnancy''' with reassuring monotherapy registry data, in sharp contrast to valproate. Estrogen-containing contraceptives accelerate lamotrigine metabolism, requiring dose adjustments at start and stop of contraception'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"'
'''Avoid at term (38-42 weeks) and during labor''' (risk of neonatal hemolytic anemia, especially with G6PD deficiency); generally safe in earlier pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern); use only when benefit clearly outweighs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Considered one of the safest anticonvulsants in pregnancy''', with reassuring monotherapy registry data comparable to lamotrigine and in sharp contrast to valproate, topiramate, and carbamazepine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated for migraine prophylaxis in pregnancy; high teratogenic risk''' (neural tube defects, craniofacial anomalies, cardiac defects, cognitive/IQ impairment); avoid in women of childbearing potential without reliable contraception when alternatives exist'"`UNIQ--ref-0000097E-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (Category X); abortifacient and teratogenic. Discontinuation 3-6 months before conception is standard.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-000000BE-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-000004CF-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000056E-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000844-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, hypocalvaria, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AF0-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A24-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension. Stop on detection'"`UNIQ--ref-00000B86-QINU`"'
'''Contraindicated in pregnancy''' (all trimesters); fetal renal injury, oligohydramnios, skull hypoplasia, hypotension'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C34-QINU`"'
'''Documented fetal growth restriction with chronic exposure'''; avoid in pregnancy if alternative β-blockers are appropriate. The β-blocker most consistently associated with intrauterine growth concerns'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
'''Pregnant individuals should not handle crushed/broken tablets''' (skin absorption risk); can cause hypospadias in male fetus. Not used in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Pregnant individuals should not handle dutasteride capsules''' (skin absorption risk through intact capsule); can cause hypospadias in male fetus.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
'''Substantial teratogenic risk''' including cleft lip/palate, hypospadias, and growth restriction (pregnancy registry data clear); effective contraception and pre-pregnancy counseling are required in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"'
'''Substantial teratogenic risk''' including neural tube defects, craniofacial malformations, cardiac defects, and growth restriction; folic acid supplementation and effective contraception are required in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"'
Aminoglycoside-class ototoxicity in fetal cochlea is documented; use only when alternatives have failed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid after 20 weeks (NSAID-class FDA 2020 advisory on fetal renal injury and oligohydramnios with second/third-trimester use).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid after 20 weeks (NSAID-class FDA 2020 advisory).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning; contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure, which is paradoxically the basis of the neonatal PDA-closure indication)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning; contraindicated from 30 weeks. Specifically contraindicated in labor and delivery due to inhibition of uterine contractions'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
Avoid in pregnancy; antiandrogen effects can feminize a male fetus.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid in pregnancy; switch to LMWH. Crosses placenta; warfarin-class concerns about fetal hemorrhage and teratogenicity make heparins the preferred class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid where possible; can reduce uteroplacental perfusion and produce neonatal electrolyte disturbance. Reserved for compelling indications.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case.
Avoid. Discontinue at least 1 month before planned pregnancy. Animal data show embryofetal harm.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000005B-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue before planned pregnancy.'"`UNIQ--ref-000000EF-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue before planned pregnancy.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000018C-QINU`"'
Avoid. Discontinue ≥1 month pre-conception. May reduce oral contraceptive efficacy during titration.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000304-QINU`"'
Avoid; NSAID-class restriction after 20 weeks (FDA 2020) and limited triptan pregnancy data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; aspirin teratogenicity concerns plus opioid neonatal withdrawal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; may cause fetal harm
Avoid; neonatal opioid withdrawal documented.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated.
Avoid; switch to insulin. Hypoglycemia in newborn reported.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoid; switch to insulin. Neonatal hypoglycemia reported.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoided where possible; same class concerns as HCTZ.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Avoided; barbiturate + aspirin teratogenicity and bleeding concerns.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Category C (buprenorphine-only formulations preferred in pregnancy)
Category C (not relevant; not used in women)
Category C (per Desoxyn label)
Category C; limited data
Category C'"`UNIQ--ref-00000045-QINU`"'
Category C'"`UNIQ--ref-0000008F-QINU`"'
Category D'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"'
Category X, contraindicated; teratogenic (virilization of female fetus)
Contraindicated in known pregnancy (Aygestin); the 0.35 mg POP is not teratogenic and does not need to be discontinued before conception planning.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in known pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (FDA label).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (only used in postmenopausal women); D class historically.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy (use is not appropriate during gestation; class label X). Lactation considerations vary by indication.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Contraindicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Discontinued/withdrawn
Extensive use experience in obstetric anesthesia; broadly considered safe'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"'
First-line in pregnancy; dose typically increased 25-30% due to estrogen-driven rise in TBG and fetal demand. Lactation safe at physiologic doses.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; barbiturate exposure in late pregnancy can produce neonatal withdrawal and respiratory depression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; fetal goiter/hypothyroidism risk (iodine load). Used only for life-threatening arrhythmia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally avoided; not first-line.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable for short-term use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered acceptable.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe (minimal systemic exposure).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe after the first trimester; first-trimester use weighed against indication.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe at standard doses; benefits typically outweigh in active IBD.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe in pregnancy (no systemic absorption).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; commonly used in pregnancy when macrolide indicated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; commonly used in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; loratadine and cetirizine have more pregnancy data and are typically preferred.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; pregnancy registries do not show increased major malformation risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in PCOS and gestational diabetes; placental transfer occurs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in obstetric reflux.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Cetirizine and loratadine remain the more-studied alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Cleared in lactation at low levels.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Levocetirizine (the R-enantiomer) is an alternative with similar safety.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used. Loratadine and cetirizine are the most-recommended 2nd-gen H1s in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally considered safe; widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally safe at replacement doses; treat the underlying cause of hypokalemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Generally used when influenza treatment is indicated; pregnancy is a recognized risk factor for severe influenza.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
IV sulfate is the cornerstone of eclampsia/preeclampsia management; oral replacement also safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Inhaled and intranasal generally considered safe; widely used in asthma in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; aspart is widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; degludec has reassuring observational data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; glargine has reassuring observational data, though NPH and detemir remain the traditional choices.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Insulin is the preferred glucose-lowering therapy in pregnancy; lispro is widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Intranasal long considered acceptable; widely used in obstetric rhinitis.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Investigational
Limit to <200 mg/d (~2 cups brewed)
Limited data; LABA/LAMA strategies in pregnancy generally favor agents with the most reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; National Pregnancy Registry available
Limited data; National Pregnancy Registry for Atypical Antipsychotics
Limited data; alternative antihypertensives generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; avoid in pregnancy. Lactation: present in milk; consider risks
Limited data; case series and registries suggest no major teratogenicity but other antihypertensives (labetalol, nifedipine) are typically preferred.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; fluoxetine has reassuring data but olanzapine carries metabolic-syndrome and gestational diabetes signals.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided in pregnancy for the cosmetic indication of onychomycosis.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided particularly in combination with statin.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally avoided unless triglyceride pancreatitis risk is high.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; labetalol/nifedipine generally preferred. Crosses placenta.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; minimal systemic absorption likely renders fetal risk low.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; not first-line in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; pitolisant may reduce hormonal contraceptive efficacy
Limited data; pregnancy exposure registry available
Limited data; quinidine has been used in pregnancy as antiarrhythmic.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; rarely indicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; risk-benefit case by case; pregnancy is not a strict contraindication in WHO mass drug administration programs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; second-line to intranasal corticosteroids or PO loratadine/cetirizine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh against alternatives (aspirin) where feasible.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh against alternatives, though systemic exposure is low.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited data; weigh benefits/risks
Limited human data. Animal studies show fetal effects at maternally toxic doses; use only if benefits justify the potential risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; animal reproductive studies not conducted<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; case reports of neonatal sedation with late-pregnancy exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; endogenous hormone, but supplemental pharmacological doses are not well characterized in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; observational signals inconclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience and no clear teratogenic signal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience; some signal for first-trimester exposure but not conclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; pregnancy registry data have been broadly reassuring across the triptan class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; pregnancy registry data have been broadly reassuring relative to baseline malformation rates.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; rarely indicated in pregnancy given the patient population.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; rarely indicated in pregnancy given the typical patient population.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; signal for neonatal extrapyramidal symptoms and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some animal cardiac signal not clearly replicated in human cohort studies; observational signals inconclusive.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some observational signals reassuring relative to other antidepressants.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some signal for cardiac malformations and developmental delay but confounded by maternal disease and polytherapy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; some signal for cleft palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; the amphetamine class is associated with intrauterine growth restriction and neonatal withdrawal symptoms.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data; β-blocker class effects include fetal growth restriction and neonatal bradycardia/hypoglycemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited human data<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited safety data; weigh benefit individually.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Limited use in pregnancy; chronic third-trimester opioid exposure produces neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and respiratory depression at delivery.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long the preferred ICS in pregnancy (Pulmicort) due to the most pregnancy data among the class.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long the preferred analgesic-antipyretic in pregnancy; recent observational studies have raised speculative neurodevelopmental signals that remain under investigation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long-considered safe in pregnancy for lupus and other rheumatologic indications; benefits typically outweigh.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Long-term skeletal retention is a concern given the unknown effect on developing fetal bone; generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Low-dose (81 mg) safe and indicated for preeclampsia prophylaxis after 12 weeks in high-risk patients per USPSTF; high-dose aspirin avoid third trimester due to premature ductus arteriosus closure and bleeding risk
Medicine is structurally identical to endogenous allopregnanolone; pregnancy considerations relate to breastfeeding during/after infusion. Limited data; brief interruption of breastfeeding considered
Not absorbed; generally considered acceptable when bowel prep is required<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Not applicable (male indication); historical Category B if used in unrelated female cases.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Not established
Not indicated; pregnancy effects unknown
Not relevant (geriatric problem)
Not studied in human pregnancy; no approved clinical use in any population
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with late-pregnancy exposure (SNRI class effect).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with late-pregnancy exposure; weigh against the risks of untreated maternal depression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for neonatal adaptation syndrome with third-trimester exposure (SSRI class effect).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Observational signal for persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (small absolute risk) and neonatal adaptation syndrome with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience but limited controlled data; case reports of neonatal sedation and transient hypertension with maternal use near term.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience, including in hyperemesis gravidarum; broadly reassuring observational data'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"'
Older agent with substantial use experience; broadly considered safe in pregnancy'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"'
Older agent with substantial use experience; observational signals not clearly causal.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Older agent with substantial use experience; observational signals reassuring for first-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
One of the better-studied basal insulin analogs in pregnancy; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
One of the historically preferred IV agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy alongside labetalol and nifedipine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Oral nifedipine is one of the preferred agents for severe hypertension in pregnancy and for tocolysis in preterm labor.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Penicillin G is the only fully effective syphilis treatment in pregnancy; penicillin-allergic pregnant patients require desensitization.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Pharmacologic doses generally avoided in pregnancy; vitamin doses fine.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Preferred SABA in pregnancy; benefits of asthma control outweigh limited risks.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Limited reproductive data with small observational signal for cardiac malformations; risk-benefit decision, with many patients deferring ADHD treatment during pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full discussion.
Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Quetiapine has reassuring active-comparator cohort data without consistent teratogenic signal; among the preferred neuroleptics when treatment is clinically necessary in pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full citation set.
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021. Use individualized.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Previously Category X; FDA removed the blanket statin contraindication in pregnancy in 2021. Use individualized; lactation generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routine antacid and acidosis correction acceptable
Routinely supplemented in pregnancy and preconception to prevent neural tube defects.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely supplemented in pregnancy; needs higher in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Routinely used; iron requirements rise substantially in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement and supplement doses.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement doses; deficiency is itself a risk in pregnancy and lactation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at replacement doses; high-dose use generally avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at routine doses; routinely supplemented in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Safe at routine fluoride levels.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Signal for gestational diabetes and metabolic syndrome with maternal exposure; the metabolic load can be substantial during pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Signal for neonatal extrapyramidal symptoms and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some controversial signal for first-trimester gastroschisis association in observational studies; limited use is generally considered acceptable after the first trimester.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for cleft lip/palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for cleft palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Some signal for major congenital malformations; limited human data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Standard fluid and electrolyte management
Standard resuscitation fluid in pregnancy
Substantial teratogenic signal (barbiturate class effects including neonatal withdrawal and hemorrhagic disease of newborn).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Synthetic levothyroxine is the standard-of-care in pregnancy; desiccated thyroid use in pregnancy is not well studied<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
T4 (levothyroxine) is the first-line in pregnancy; T3 is rarely needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
TCA class signal; limited human data specific to doxepin.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
TCA class signal; limited human data specific to nortriptyline.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Teratogenic signal less than carbamazepine but present; folate supplementation and effective contraception are appropriate in reproductive-age patients'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"'
Topical and vaginal generally considered safe; widely used.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical corticosteroids in pregnancy: use lowest potency and smallest area; super-potent agents like clobetasol are reserved for compelling indications.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical generally safe; oral avoided.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical/intranasal generally low-risk; intra-articular and high-dose injection: weigh risk individually.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Topical: avoid; systemic: contraindicated in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use in fetal SVT (transplacental antiarrhythmic therapy) is established; otherwise weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; small association with oral clefts debated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; small association with oral clefts in first trimester debated.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Use when benefits outweigh; widely used at physiologic doses for adrenal insufficiency.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in FMF in pregnancy; otherwise weigh against alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in antenatal lung maturation (24-34 weeks gestation; 6 mg IM q12h × 4 doses); broader use weighs benefits against fetal HPA suppression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in life-threatening obstetric anaphylaxis without hesitation; benefits clearly outweigh.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in obstetric emergencies (uterine relaxation, severe hypertension) when needed; otherwise limited routine use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used in transplant pregnancy when continued immunosuppression is required; reassuring data overall but careful monitoring needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used when benefits outweigh risk; oral cleft signal in first-trimester exposure is debated and small in absolute terms.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Used when needed for hypoparathyroidism or renal osteodystrophy in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used for hyperemesis gravidarum; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in obstetric reflux; reassuring data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy for HSV/VZV indications; reassuring registry data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy when antiviral indicated; reassuring registry data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Widely used in pregnancy; meta-analyses do not show increased malformation risk.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup>
Search
legal:
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (1)
Error in "where" parameter: the string "--" cannot be used within #cargo_query.
There are no results for this report.
Search
Search
Drilldown: Medicines
Add topic
generic:
halflife: (Click arrow to add another value)