Drilldown: Medicines

None (1) · Bisoprolol (1) · Nebivolol (1)

Botox (1) · Bystolic (1) · Zebeta (1)

Beta Blocker (2) · Cardioselective (β1) (1) · Cardioselective (β1) + vasodilator (1) · neuromuscular blocker (presynaptic) (1) · Neurotoxin (1)

Cleaves SNAP-25 protein in presynaptic motor and autonomic nerve terminals, blocking acetylcholine release; in chronic migraine, hypothesized to inhibit peripheral sensitization of trigeminovascular nociceptors (1) · Highly β1-selective adrenergic antagonist. Greater selectivity than metoprolol or atenolol. (1) · The d-enantiomer is a highly β1-selective antagonist; the l-enantiomer triggers endothelial nitric-oxide–mediated vasodilation. Unique among beta blockers for this NO mechanism. (1)

Chronic migraine (≥15 headache days/month), cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, hyperhidrosis, overactive bladder, urinary incontinence, strabismus, spasticity, cosmetic problems (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000059D-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000636-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000637-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000638-QINU`"' (1)

2.5–5 mg daily (HTN); 1.25 mg daily (HFrEF, slow titration) (1) · 5 mg daily (1) · Chronic migraine (PREEMPT protocol): 155 units divided across 31 sites in 7 head/neck muscle groups every 12 weeks (1)

2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg tabs (1) · 5, 10 mg tabs (1) · 50, 100, or 200 unit vials of lyophilized powder for reconstitution (1)

195 units/treatment for chronic migraine; max varies by problem (1) · 20 mg/d (1) · 40 mg/d (1)

Intramuscular (PREEMPT injections for migraine) (1) · Oral (2)

None · Hours · 30-60 minutes · 1-2 hours · ~30 min · LDL lowering at 2 weeks, max by 4 weeks · ~1 hour · 15-30 minutes · 15–30 min · 1–2 h · 30–60 min · Antidepressant effect emerges over 1-2 weeks · BP and symptomatic LUTS improvement within 1-2 weeks · BP effect within 1-2 weeks · Clinical improvement within 24-72 hours · Days · Motor improvement over days at therapeutic dose · Over weeks · Postprandial glucose effect within days; HbA1c by 12 weeks · Sleep effect from first dose; antidepressant effect over 1-4 weeks

Other values:

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24 h (2) · ~12 weeks (1)

9–12 h (1) · Tissue half-life not formally measured; clinical effect ~12 weeks (1) · ~10 h (CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers); up to 31 h (poor metabolizers) (1)

Local (intramuscular) (1) · ~12% (extensive metabolizers); ~96% (poor metabolizers) (1) · ~90% (low first-pass) (1)

Category C (2) · Category C; limited data (1)

Rx-only in US (2) · Rx; black-box warning for distant spread of toxin effect (1)