Drilldown: Medicines

Artemisia absinthium (1) · Atropa belladonna (1) · Banisteriopsis caapi (1) · Black Drink (1) · Brugmansia (1) · Butalbital / Acetaminophen / Caffeine (1) · Butalbital / Aspirin / Caffeine (1) · Celecoxib (1) · Cetirizine (1) · Chocolate (1) · Codeine / Acetaminophen (1) · Cyproheptadine (hydrochloride) (1) · Fluoxetine (1) · Guarana (1) · Hyoscyamus niger (1) · Kola (1) · Levocetirizine (1) · Loperamide (1) · Mandragora officinarum (1) · Mescal Bean (1) · Naproxen (sodium; free acid) (1) · Pseudoephedrine (hydrochloride; sulfate) (1) · Tizanidine (1) · Tramadol / Acetaminophen (1) · Yerba mate (1)

''Brugmansia'' spp., Angel's trumpet, ''borrachero'', ''toé'' (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Sophora secundiflora''. Texas mountain laurel, frijolillo (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · Aleve (OTC), Naprosyn (Rx), Anaprox (Rx), Naprelan (ER), EC-Naprosyn (enteric-coated), Vimovo (with esomeprazole) (1) · Celebrex (oral capsules), Elyxyb (oral solution, for acute migraine) (1) · Deadly nightshade (1) · Fioricet, Esgic; with codeine as Fioricet with Codeine (Schedule III) (1) · Fiorinal; with codeine as Fiorinal with Codeine (Schedule III) (1) · Henbane, black henbane (1) · Imodium, Imodium A-D (1) · Mandrake (1) · Periactin (US brand discontinued; generic widely available) (1) · Prozac (1) · Sudafed (IR, 12-hour, 24-hour); many combination products including Claritin-D, Allegra-D, Zyrtec-D, Mucinex-D (1) · The ayahuasca vine, ''yagé'', ''caapi'', ''mariri'' (1) · Tylenol with Codeine #3 (30 mg codeine), Tylenol #4 (60 mg codeine), Capital with Codeine, Phenaphen with Codeine (1) · Ultracet, Tramacet (1) · Wormwood, absinthe, la Fée Verte, the Green Muse (1) · Xyzal, Xyzal Allergy 24HR (OTC) (1) · Zanaflex (1) · Zyrtec, Zyrtec-D (1)

None (1) · Caffeine plant (5) · Daimonica (4) · Excitantia (5) · gut-restricted)]] (1) · MAOI (1) · Phantastica (2) · Plant Medicine (12) · Rhapsodica (1) · selective COX-2)]] (1) · Tropane alkaloid plant (4) · weak)]] (1) · [[:Category:Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists|Alpha-2 adrenergic agonist]] (1) · [[:Category:Analgesics|Analgesic]] (2) · [[:Category:Antidepressants|Antidepressant]] (1) · [[:Category:Antidiarrheals|Antidiarrheal]] (1) · [[:Category:Antihistamines|Antihistamine]] (2) · [[:Category:Antihistamines|First-generation antihistamine]] (1) · [[:Category:Antipyretics|Antipyretic]] (1) · [[:Category:Antispastics|Antispastic]] (1) · [[:Category:Anxiolytics|Anxiolytic]] (1) · [[:Category:Barbiturates|Barbiturate (butalbital)]] (2) · [[:Category:Decongestants|Decongestant]] (1) · [[:Category:Fixed-dose_combinations|Fixed-dose combination]] (3) · [[:Category:H1_receptor_antagonists|Histamine H1 receptor antagonist (second-generation)]] (2) · [[:Category:Methylxanthines|Methylxanthine (caffeine)]] (2) · [[:Category:Non-opioid_analgesics|Non-opioid analgesic (acetaminophen)]] (2) · [[:Category:NSAIDs|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID (1) · [[:Category:NSAIDs|Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID)]] (1) · [[:Category:NSAIDs|NSAID (aspirin)]] (1) · [[:Category:Opioid_analgesics|Opioid analgesic (codeine (1) · [[:Category:Opioid_receptor_agonists|Peripheral opioid receptor agonist (μ-selective (1) · [[:Category:Orexigenics|Appetite-promoting medicine (orexigenic)]] (1) · [[:Category:Schedule_III_controlled_substances|Schedule III controlled substance]] (2) · [[:Category:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)|SSRI]] (1) · [[:Category:Serotonin antagonists|Serotonin 5-HT2 antagonist]] (1) · [[:Category:Skeletal muscle relaxants|Skeletal muscle relaxant (centrally-acting)]] (1) · [[:Category:Sympathomimetics|Sympathomimetic (indirect-acting)]] (1)

None (8) · Active alkaloid is cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. NOT a classical 5-HT2A psychedelic. (1) · Active principle is thujone, a GABA-A antagonist (the opposite of most CNS depressants). Also present in cooking sage (''Salvia officinalis''), tansy, and ''Thuja'' cedars. (1) · Caffeine (1.5–2%) + theobromine + kolanin (a glycoside). (1) · Caffeine (highest of the ''Ilex'' genus) plus saponins that produce ritual vomiting at high doses. (1) · Caffeine (sometimes called 'mateine' historically, though chemically identical), theobromine, theophylline, plus polyphenols. (1) · Contains the β-carboline alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) that allow oral DMT to reach the brain. (1) · Highest natural caffeine content of any plant (2–7% by dry weight, ~2–4× coffee). Caffeine is bound to tannins, producing a slower release than pure coffee caffeine. (1) · Primary alkaloid is theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), with minor caffeine. Also contains phenethylamine, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid), tryptophan (serotonin precursor), and flavanols. The combined effect is mild stimulation + mood elevation. (1) · TrkB/BDNF'"`UNIQ--ref-00000047-QINU`"' '"`UNIQ--vote-00000048-QINU`"' (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine (dominant; the racemic form is atropine), scopolamine. Competitive muscarinic antagonism. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, apoatropine. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, in higher seed concentrations than belladonna or datura. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine (dominant), hyoscyamine, atropine. Competitive antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"' Anticholinergic and sedating, with the standard first-generation antihistamine Beers-list concerns in elderly patients'"`UNIQ--ref-00000018-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000391-QINU`"' Minimal CYP metabolism; mostly renally cleared unchanged. Cetirizine is the active racemate; levocetirizine is the active R-enantiomer marketed separately'"`UNIQ--ref-00000392-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000950-QINU`"' Mostly renally cleared unchanged; dose-reduce in renal impairment. Like cetirizine, retains slightly more sedation than fexofenadine in some users'"`UNIQ--ref-00000951-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001513-QINU`"' The combination with acetaminophen provides additive non-opioid analgesia and lowers required codeine dose. CYP2D6 PGx is one of the most clinically actionable in current pharmacology; CPIC supports genotype-guided opioid selection'"`UNIQ--ref-00001514-QINU`"'. (1)

'"`UNIQ--vote-00000006-QINU`"' (2) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000008-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000009-QINU`"' (5) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001A-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000022-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000023-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000024-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000025-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000026-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000027-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000028-QINU`"' (2) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000049-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000004A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000004B-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000065-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AE-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000393-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000394-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000395-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000081E-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000952-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000953-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FCF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FD0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000FD1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001515-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001516-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000152F-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000159D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000159E-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000015B6-QINU`"' (1)

None (11) · 1-2 capsules (50 mg butalbital / 325 mg acetaminophen / 40 mg caffeine each) PO every 4 hours as needed; maximum 6 capsules/d (1) · 1-2 capsules (50 mg butalbital / 325 mg aspirin / 40 mg caffeine each) PO every 4 hours as needed; maximum 6 capsules/d (1) · 1-2 tablets (15-60 mg codeine, 300-600 mg acetaminophen) PO every 4-6 hours as needed (1) · 10 mg (1) · 10 mg PO once daily (5 mg in older adults or if sedation occurs) (1) · 2 mg PO every 6-8 hours; titrate by 2-4 mg per dose every 1-4 days; maximum single dose 16 mg, maximum daily dose 36 mg (1) · 2 tablets (75 mg tramadol / 650 mg acetaminophen) PO every 4-6 hours as needed; maximum 8 tablets/day for ≤5 days (1) · 4 mg PO initially, then 2 mg after each loose stool, '''not to exceed 16 mg/d''' (8 mg OTC); chronic-use lower (1) · 5 mg PO once daily in the evening (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · Allergy: 4 mg PO TID. Serotonin syndrome: 12 mg loading dose PO or by nasogastric tube, then 2 mg every 2 hours until clinical improvement. Appetite stimulation: 2-4 mg PO TID-QID (1) · IR: 60 mg PO every 4-6 hours. 12-hour ER: 120 mg PO every 12 hours. 24-hour ER: 240 mg PO once daily. Pediatric: weight-based (1) · Osteoarthritis: 200 mg PO once daily or 100 mg BID. Rheumatoid arthritis: 100-200 mg PO BID. Acute pain: 400 mg loading, then 200 mg every 12 hours (1) · OTC: 220 mg PO every 8-12 hours, max 660 mg/24h. Rx: 250-500 mg PO BID. Acute gout: 750 mg loading then 250 mg every 8 hours (1)

10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg caps (1) · 2 mg capsules and tablets; 1 mg/5 mL oral solution; combined with simethicone (Imodium Multi-Symptom) (1) · 5 mg tablets; 2.5 mg/5 mL oral solution; OTC (1) · 5 mg, 10 mg tablets; 5 mg, 10 mg chewables; 1 mg/mL oral syrup; OTC (1) · 50/325/40 mg capsules (1) · 50/325/40 mg capsules and tablets; oral solution (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Capsules 50, 100, 200, 400 mg; Elyxyb oral solution 25 mg/mL (1) · Codeine/acetaminophen 15/300 (#2 historical), 30/300 (#3), 60/300 (#4) mg tablets; 12/120 mg/5 mL elixir (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · IR tablets 30, 60 mg; 12-hour ER tablets 120 mg; 24-hour ER tablets 240 mg; oral liquid; multiple combination products with antihistamines, NSAIDs, or expectorants (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · OTC tablets 220 mg; Rx tablets 250, 375, 500 mg; ER tablets 375, 500, 750 mg (Naprelan); oral suspension 125 mg/5 mL; enteric-coated tablets (EC-Naprosyn) (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Tablets 2, 4 mg; capsules 2, 4, 6 mg ('''capsules and tablets are not bioequivalent''': capsules slower with food; tablets faster on empty stomach) (1) · Tablets 4 mg; oral syrup 2 mg/5 mL (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1) · Tramadol/acetaminophen 37.5/325 mg tablets (1)

None (12) · 10 mg/d (adults) (1) · 1500 mg/day (Rx); 660 mg/24h (OTC, without provider direction) (1) · 16 mg/d (8 mg/d OTC) (1) · 240 mg/day (1) · 32 mg/day adult; weight-based pediatric ceiling (1) · 36 mg/day in three divided doses; single dose maximum 16 mg (1) · 40 mg/d (1) · 400 mg/day for chronic indications; higher for short-term acute pain (1) · 5 mg/d (adults) (1) · 6 capsules/d (300 mg butalbital, 1950 mg acetaminophen, 240 mg caffeine) (1) · 6 capsules/d (300 mg butalbital, 1950 mg aspirin, 240 mg caffeine) (1) · 8 tablets/d (300 mg tramadol / 2600 mg acetaminophen); 5-day duration limit per label (1) · Acetaminophen 4 g/d absolute; codeine 240-360 mg/d typical practical limit (1)

None · Oral · IV · topical · IM · intranasal · rectal · Subcutaneous · topical ophthalmic · ophthalmic · intramuscular · intravenous · transdermal · vaginal · Subcutaneous (abdomen · sublingual · thigh · inhaled · SC · intra-articular

Other values:

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None · Hours · 30-60 minutes · 1-2 hours · ~30 min · LDL lowering at 2 weeks, max by 4 weeks · ~1 hour · 15-30 minutes · 15–30 min · 1–2 h · 30–60 min · Antidepressant effect emerges over 1-2 weeks · BP and symptomatic LUTS improvement within 1-2 weeks · BP effect within 1-2 weeks · Clinical improvement within 24-72 hours · Days · Motor improvement over days at therapeutic dose · Over weeks · Postprandial glucose effect within days; HbA1c by 12 weeks · Sleep effect from first dose; antidepressant effect over 1-4 weeks

Other values:

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None (12) · 12-24 hours (1) · 24 hours (2) · 3-6 hours per dose (1) · 4-6 hours (4) · 4-6 hours (IR); 12-24 hours (ER) (1) · 6-8 hours (1) · 8-12 hours (1) · 8-12 hours (the long-duration feature relative to ibuprofen) (1) · Very long (1)

None (12) · 1-3 days acute, 4-6 days chronic; 4-16 days for norfluoxetine'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004C-QINU`"' (1) · 12-17 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"' (1) · 2.5 hours (short, requires TID-QID dosing)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001D-QINU`"' (1) · 8-10 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000396-QINU`"' (1) · 8-16 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"' (1) · 9-16 hours (pH-dependent: acidic urine shortens, alkaline urine substantially extends)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1) · Butalbital ~35 hours (long; cumulative effects with frequent use); acetaminophen 1-3 hours; caffeine 3-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000159F-QINU`"' (1) · Butalbital ~35 hours; aspirin (acetyl group) ~15 minutes, salicylate 2-3 hours; caffeine 3-7 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B7-QINU`"' (1) · Codeine 2.5-3.5 hours; acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001517-QINU`"' (1) · Tramadol ~5-7 hours (M1 metabolite ~9 hours); acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001530-QINU`"' (1) · ~11 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000029-QINU`"' (1) · ~8 hours (longer in elderly and renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000954-QINU`"' (1) · ~9-14 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD2-QINU`"' (1)

None (12) · 70–90% (oral) (1) · Butalbital well-absorbed; aspirin 50-75%; caffeine ~100%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015B8-QINU`"' (1) · Butalbital well-absorbed; caffeine ~100%; acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-000015A0-QINU`"' (1) · Codeine ~60% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001518-QINU`"' (1) · High (oral); not significantly affected by food'"`UNIQ--ref-00000397-QINU`"' (1) · Tramadol ~75% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001531-QINU`"' (1) · ~0.3% (oral; extensive first-pass via CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the intestinal and blood-brain barriers limit systemic and CNS exposure at therapeutic doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000FD3-QINU`"' (1) · ~40% (oral); food and formulation substantially alter the absorption profile'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"' (1) · ~85-90% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000955-QINU`"' (1) · ~90% (oral, low first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1) · ~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"' (1) · ~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"' (1) · ~99% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002A-QINU`"' (1)

None (13) · Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning (fetal renal dysfunction, oligohydramnios); contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000002B-QINU`"' (2) · Avoid; neonatal opioid withdrawal documented.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Avoided; barbiturate + aspirin teratogenicity and bleeding concerns.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Category C'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004D-QINU`"' (1) · Generally avoided; barbiturate exposure in late pregnancy can produce neonatal withdrawal and respiratory depression.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe; widely used. Cetirizine and loratadine remain the more-studied alternatives.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Generally considered safe; widely used. Levocetirizine (the R-enantiomer) is an alternative with similar safety.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limited human data.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Limited human data; older agent with substantial use experience.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1) · Some controversial signal for first-trimester gastroschisis association in observational studies; limited use is generally considered acceptable after the first trimester.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">&#91;[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation&nbsp;needed]]&#93;</sup> (1)

None (11) · '''[[USLegal:Behind-the-counter|Behind-the-counter]] in US''' under the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act 2005: purchase restricted to ≤3.6 g/day and ≤9 g/30 days, with photo ID, logbook signature, and quantity logging required. Several states schedule higher than federal (1) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · OTC in US (3) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · [[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in US at ≤220 mg/tablet and ≤660 mg/day; [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] at higher strengths (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (3) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Not a controlled substance, distinguishing it from carisoprodol among muscle-spasm options'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001F-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Schedule III|Schedule III controlled substance]] in US (Fiorinal is scheduled federally; Fioricet with acetaminophen is unscheduled federally despite identical butalbital content, a regulatory quirk) (1) · [[USLegal:Schedule III|Schedule III controlled substance]] in US. '''Contraindicated in children <12''' for any indication and in any age post-tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy (FDA 2017 black-box advisory)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001519-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US (tramadol was reclassified from non-controlled to Schedule IV in 2014 after recognition of dependence risk) (1)