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Medicines (732)

Medicines > routes

: Inhaled (DPI

or oral

& pregnancy: None

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Apixaban (1) · Artemisia absinthium (1) · Atropa belladonna (1) · Banisteriopsis caapi (1) · Betamethasone (valerate, dipropionate, sodium phosphate, acetate) (1) · Black Drink (1) · Brugmansia (1) · Chocolate (1) · Codeine / Acetaminophen (1) · Doxycycline (1) · Escitalopram (1) · Fluconazole (1) · Guarana (1) · Hydrochlorothiazide (1) · Hyoscyamus niger (1) · Kola (1) · Lithium (1) · Mandragora officinarum (1) · Mescal Bean (1) · Methimazole (thiamazole) (1) · Modafinil (1) · Naltrexone (1) · Nutmeg (1) · Ondansetron (1) · Phencyclidine (1) · Progesterone (micronized) (1) · Tea (1) · Warfarin (1) · Yerba mate (1)

''Brugmansia'' spp., Angel's trumpet, ''borrachero'', ''toé'' (1) · ''Camellia sinensis'' (formerly ''Thea sinensis'') (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Myristica fragrans''. Mace (the fruit aril) (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Sophora secundiflora''. Texas mountain laurel, frijolillo (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · Celestone (oral/injectable), Diprolene/Diprosone (topical), Luxiq (foam), Celestone Soluspan (depot IM) (1) · Coumadin (discontinued in US but name in common use), Jantoven (1) · Deadly nightshade (1) · Diflucan (1) · Eliquis (1) · Henbane, black henbane (1) · Lexapro (1) · Lithobid (extended-release); Eskalith (discontinued in US); Carbolith (Canada); Priadel (UK); Camcolit (UK) (1) · Mandrake (1) · Microzide; mostly prescribed generically (1) · Prometrium (oral), Endometrin (vaginal), Crinone (vaginal gel), Prochieve (1) · Provigil (Teva/Cephalon); Alertec (Canada); Modavigil (Australia) (1) · ReVia (oral, 50 mg tablets), Depade (oral, generic), Vivitrol (extended-release IM injection 380 mg monthly); Contrave (naltrexone + bupropion ER tablets for weight management) (1) · Sernyl (human, withdrawn 1965); Sernylan (veterinary, withdrawn 1978) (1) · Tapazole; outside US Mercazole (1) · The ayahuasca vine, ''yagé'', ''caapi'', ''mariri'' (1) · Tylenol with Codeine #3 (30 mg codeine), Tylenol #4 (60 mg codeine), Capital with Codeine, Phenaphen with Codeine (1) · Vibramycin, Doryx, Oracea, Adoxa, Monodox, Acticlate (1) · Wormwood, absinthe, la Fée Verte, the Green Muse (1) · Zofran, Zofran ODT (1)

Plant Medicine (13) · Caffeine plant (6) · Excitantia (6) · Daimonica (4) · Tropane alkaloid plant (4) · Phantastica (2) · [[:Category:Anticoagulants|Anticoagulant]] (2)

Other values:

None (9) · Active alkaloid is cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. NOT a classical 5-HT2A psychedelic. (1) · Active oils are myristicin, elemicin, and safrole, phenethylamine precursors that may be aminated in vivo to MMDA, TMA, and MDA respectively (Shulgin's 'essential amphetamines' hypothesis). (1) · Active principle is thujone, a GABA-A antagonist (the opposite of most CNS depressants). Also present in cooking sage (''Salvia officinalis''), tansy, and ''Thuja'' cedars. (1) · Caffeine (1.5–2%) + theobromine + kolanin (a glycoside). (1) · Caffeine (highest of the ''Ilex'' genus) plus saponins that produce ritual vomiting at high doses. (1) · Caffeine (sometimes called 'mateine' historically, though chemically identical), theobromine, theophylline, plus polyphenols. (1) · Caffeine + theophylline + L-theanine. L-theanine (an amino acid unique to tea) modulates glutamate and produces an 'alpha-wave' calming overlay on caffeine's stimulation, hence tea's reputation as a 'cleaner' stimulant than coffee. (1) · Contains the β-carboline alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) that allow oral DMT to reach the brain. (1) · Highest natural caffeine content of any plant (2–7% by dry weight, ~2–4× coffee). Caffeine is bound to tannins, producing a slower release than pure coffee caffeine. (1) · Primary alkaloid is theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), with minor caffeine. Also contains phenethylamine, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid), tryptophan (serotonin precursor), and flavanols. The combined effect is mild stimulation + mood elevation. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine (dominant; the racemic form is atropine), scopolamine. Competitive muscarinic antagonism. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, apoatropine. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, in higher seed concentrations than belladonna or datura. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine (dominant), hyoscyamine, atropine. Competitive antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"' CYP2C19 + CYP3A4 metabolism, with CPIC PGx guidance: poor CYP2C19 metabolizers have ~3-fold higher exposure and benefit from a lower starting dose; ultrarapid metabolizers may have inadequate response'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001E-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000138-QINU`"' Decreases urinary calcium (used in stone prevention); raises serum uric acid, glucose, and lipids modestly; non-anion-gap hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis is the characteristic electrolyte pattern'"`UNIQ--ref-00000139-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000001F6-QINU`"' CYP3A4 (primary) and P-glycoprotein substrate; strong dual inhibitors or inducers materially shift exposure. Reversal: andexanet alfa for life-threatening bleeding; 4F-PCC commonly used off-label when andexanet unavailable'"`UNIQ--ref-000001F7-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000ECD-QINU`"' Agranulocytosis is the most-feared adverse effect (~0.3%, usually first 90 days of treatment; warn patients to seek urgent CBC for fever or severe sore throat). Hepatotoxicity is class-recognized but more often associated with PTU'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ECE-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001014-QINU`"' Activates the glucocorticoid receptor to broadly remodel inflammatory, immune, and metabolic transcription. The dipropionate, valerate, and augmented dipropionate ester forms determine topical potency (high to super-high)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001015-QINU`"'. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00001513-QINU`"' The combination with acetaminophen provides additive non-opioid analgesia and lowers required codeine dose. CYP2D6 PGx is one of the most clinically actionable in current pharmacology; CPIC supports genotype-guided opioid selection'"`UNIQ--ref-00001514-QINU`"'. (1)

None (14) · 0.5–1 oz (10–30 g) ground for psychoactive effect; far smaller for culinary use (1) · 1-2 tablets (15-60 mg codeine, 300-600 mg acetaminophen) PO every 4-6 hours as needed (1) · 10 mg PO once daily; titrate to 20 mg/day after 1-2 weeks if needed (1) · 10-40 mg PO daily depending on hyperthyroidism severity; titrate by clinical and biochemical response (target TSH/free T4) (1) · 100 mg PO BID; rickettsial 200 mg/d; doxy-PEP 200 mg within 72 hours after condomless sex (1) · 12.5-25 mg PO once daily (1) · 4-8 mg PO or IV every 8 hours as needed; 16 mg single dose preoperatively for PONV prevention (1) · A measured pour of absinthe diluted 5:1 with cold water over sugar (the louche ritual) (1) · Antenatal: Celestone Soluspan 12 mg IM q24h × 2 doses; topical: pea-sized amount BID; intra-articular varies by joint (1) · HRT cyclic: 200 mg PO HS days 1-12 of each month; continuous: 100 mg PO daily; ART luteal support 100 mg vaginal TID or 90 mg gel daily (1) · No current medical indication. Historical anesthetic dose 0.25 mg/kg IV (Sernyl). (1) · NVAF: 5 mg PO BID (2.5 mg BID if 2 of 3: age ≥80, weight ≤60 kg, serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dL); acute VTE: 10 mg BID for 7 days, then 5 mg BID (1) · One cup (~40–60 mg caffeine; about half of brewed coffee) (1) · Typical 5 mg PO daily; 2.5 mg in elderly, low body weight, malnutrition, hepatic dysfunction. Genotype-guided initial dosing per CPIC/IWPC algorithms (CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2) is one of the most-established PGx applications in current practice (1) · Vulvovaginal: 150 mg PO single dose; oropharyngeal: 200 mg PO day 1, then 100 mg daily ×14 days; invasive candidiasis: 800 mg load, then 400 mg PO/IV daily; cryptococcal meningitis: 400-800 mg/d (1)

0.6 mg/5 mL oral solution; Celestone Soluspan 6 mg/mL IM/IA (mix of sodium phosphate + acetate); 0.05% and 0.1% topical cream/ointment/lotion/foam (various salts); augmented betamethasone 0.05% (super-high potency) (1) · 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.5, 10 mg tablets (color-coded by strength) (1) · 12.5 mg capsules; 12.5, 25, 50 mg tablets (1) · 2.5 mg, 5 mg tablets (1) · 4 mg, 8 mg, 24 mg tablets; 4 mg, 8 mg orally disintegrating tablets; 4 mg/5 mL oral solution; IV (2 mg/mL) (1) · 5, 10 mg tablets (1) · 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg, 150 mg tablets and capsules; delayed-release; suspension; IV (1) · 50, 100, 150, 200 mg tablets; 10, 40 mg/mL oral suspension; 2 mg/mL IV (1) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Codeine/acetaminophen 15/300 (#2 historical), 30/300 (#3), 60/300 (#4) mg tablets; 12/120 mg/5 mL elixir (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Dried leaves, infused. Six major processings: white, green, yellow, oolong, black, pu-erh (1) · Dried leaves; absinthe liqueur (120–160 proof, with hyssop, lemon balm, fennel, anise, sometimes Acorus calamus) (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · Ground dried seed (nutmeg) or fruit aril (mace); occasionally infused (1) · Historical: Sernyl 25 mg tablets, 10 mg/mL injection (human); Sernylan 100 mg/mL injection (veterinary). Illicit: white crystalline powder, oily liquid, "dipped" cigarettes ("wet"), tablets. (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Lithium carbonate: immediate-release capsules (150 mg, 300 mg, 600 mg) and tablets (300 mg); extended-release tablets (300 mg, 450 mg). Lithium citrate: oral solution (8 mEq/5 mL, equivalent to 300 mg lithium carbonate per 5 mL) for patients unable to swallow tablets. (1) · Oral 100, 200 mg capsules (peanut oil; check allergy); 100 mg vaginal insert (Endometrin); 4%, 8% vaginal gel (Crinone); IM 50 mg/mL (1) · Oral tablets 50 mg (ReVia, Depade, generics); Vivitrol extended-release IM suspension 380 mg single-dose vial; Contrave (naltrexone 8 mg + bupropion 90 mg ER tablets); compounded 1, 2, 3, 4.5 mg tablets/capsules for LDN (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Tablets 5, 10, 20 mg; oral solution 1 mg/mL (1) · Tablets: 100 mg, 200 mg (scored). [[Armodafinil]] (Nuvigil), the R-enantiomer of modafinil, is available separately as 50 mg, 150 mg, 200 mg, and 250 mg tablets. (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (14) · 10 mg BID for the first 7 days of acute VTE; otherwise 5 mg BID (1) · 20 mg/day (adult); 10 mg/day in elderly and in hepatic impairment (1) · 400 mg/day.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006C-QINU`"' (1) · 50 mg/d (hypertension); up to 200 mg/d (edema) (1) · 50 mg/day oral; 380 mg/4 weeks IM (Vivitrol); 32 mg + 360 mg naltrexone/bupropion daily (Contrave maximum after titration) (1) · 60 mg/d typical (1) · 800 mg/d (severe invasive disease) (1) · Acetaminophen 4 g/d absolute; codeine 240-360 mg/d typical practical limit (1) · Indication-dependent; 200-400 mg/d oral typical (1) · Indication-specific (1) · N/A (no current medical indication) (1) · No defined absolute maximum; dosing is guided by serum level monitoring. Levels above 1.5 mEq/L carry increasing toxicity risk. Levels consistently above 1.2 mEq/L are generally not maintained in clinical practice.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000052-QINU`"' (1) · No fixed maximum; titrated to INR target (1) · Single doses ≤16 mg (FDA 2012 advisory withdrew the 32 mg single IV dose for QT-prolongation risk); 24-32 mg/d divided (1) · ~200 mg/d for most indications; higher doses for severe infections (1)

None (12) · 15–30 min (1) · 30 minutes PO; minutes IV (1) · 30-60 minutes (1) · Anticoagulant effect at 24-72 hours; full INR effect 5-7 days (1) · Antidepressant effect emerges over 1-2 weeks; full clinical effect 4-6 weeks (1) · Antimanic effects begin within 5-7 days of reaching therapeutic serum levels, with full response often requiring 2-3 weeks. For acute mania, a neuroleptic is typically added for rapid sedation while lithium takes effect.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000053-QINU`"' (1) · Biochemical improvement within 2-4 weeks; full euthyroid state 6-12 weeks (1) · Clinical improvement within 24-72 hours (1) · Diuresis at 2 hours; antihypertensive effect within days, max at 3-4 weeks (1) · Hours (2) · Oral peak plasma 1 hour; therapeutic opioid blockade within hours of first dose. IM Vivitrol: peak plasma 2-3 days; therapeutic blockade through the dosing interval. (1) · Peak anticoagulant effect 3-4 hours (1) · Peak plasma concentration in 2-4 hours after oral administration. Clinically perceptible wakefulness-promoting effects typically begin within 1-2 hours of dosing.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) · Sedation/dizziness within hours of oral dose; endometrial effects over days (1) · Slow, 2–6 h (1) · Smoked 2-5 min; insufflated 5-15 min; oral 30-60 min; IV / IM ~5-15 min (1)

None (13) · 12 hours (2) · 12–24 h or longer (1) · 2-5 days after stopping (factor II resynthesis-limited) (1) · 24 hours (2) · 24 hours (once-daily dosing) (1) · 3–4 h (1) · 4-12 hours (1) · 4-6 hours (1) · 4-8 hours typical; longer at high doses; residual cognitive and perceptual effects up to 48 hours (1) · 6-12 hours (1) · Biologic 36-54 hours (long-acting) (1) · Effective duration approximately 12-15 hours at the 200 mg dose, consistent with the elimination half-life. A single morning dose generally sustains wakefulness throughout the day without substantially disrupting nighttime sleep onset when taken early.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006D-QINU`"' (1) · Oral mu-blockade clinically meaningful for 24-72 hours; IM Vivitrol blockade through 4 weeks. (1) · Oral: 8-12 hours; vaginal: 24+ hours; IM: days (1)

None (14) · 16-22 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047D-QINU`"' (1) · 27-32 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) · 3-6 hours (longer in hepatic impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000378-QINU`"' (1) · 36-42 hours (R/S enantiomers differ; S-warfarin is 2-5× more potent and cleared by CYP2C9)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000705-QINU`"' (1) · 6-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013E-QINU`"' (1) · Approximately 18-24 hours after acute administration; may extend to 36-48 hours with chronic dosing as tissue compartments equilibrate. Serum trough levels should be drawn 12 hours after the last dose for accurate interpretation.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000055-QINU`"' (1) · Codeine 2.5-3.5 hours; acetaminophen 1-3 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00001517-QINU`"' (1) · Highly variable, 7-46 hours (mean ~21 h); lipophilic deposition in fat with delayed re-release contributes to wide range'"`UNIQ--ref-00000065-QINU`"' (1) · Naltrexone parent ~4 hours (oral); 6-beta-naltrexol (active metabolite) ~13 hours. Vivitrol depot terminal half-life 5-10 days with sustained release from microspheres maintaining blockade for the 4-week dosing interval.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000004F-QINU`"' (1) · Plasma ~5 hours; biologic ~36-54 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101A-QINU`"' (1) · ~12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FB-QINU`"' (1) · ~30 hours (long, supports once-daily dosing and substantial drug-interaction window after discontinuation)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A47-QINU`"' (1) · ~4-6 hours (plasma); intrathyroidal accumulation gives a much longer functional duration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED3-QINU`"' (1) · ~5 h (caffeine) (1) · ~5-20 hours (oral micronized; highly variable)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000726-QINU`"' (1)

None (15) · 65-75% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000013F-QINU`"' (1) · >90% (oral; not affected by food or gastric pH — a major practical advantage over itraconazole)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000A48-QINU`"' (1) · Codeine ~60% (oral); acetaminophen 85-98%'"`UNIQ--ref-00001518-QINU`"' (1) · Oral bioavailability is not precisely established in the label but absorption is rapid and essentially complete. Food delays peak plasma concentration by approximately one hour but does not reduce the extent of absorption.'"`UNIQ--ref-0000006F-QINU`"' (1) · Oral ~70%; depot IM provides sustained release over weeks'"`UNIQ--ref-0000101B-QINU`"' (1) · Oral: very low (extensive first-pass); micronization improves uptake somewhat. Vaginal: high local effect with lower systemic levels (first-uterine-pass concentration)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000727-QINU`"' (1) · ~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000706-QINU`"' (1) · ~5-40% (oral, highly variable due to extensive first-pass metabolism; mean ~5-10% for parent naltrexone with the majority of pharmacologic effect coming from 6-beta-naltrexol). IM Vivitrol bypasses first-pass entirely.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000050-QINU`"' (1) · ~50% (oral; not significantly affected by food)'"`UNIQ--ref-000001FC-QINU`"' (1) · ~60% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000379-QINU`"' (1) · ~72% oral; ~85% smoked'"`UNIQ--ref-00000066-QINU`"' (1) · ~80% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) · ~93% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000ED4-QINU`"' (1) · ~95% (oral; reduced by dairy, antacids, iron via divalent-cation chelation, though less than for tetracycline itself)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000047E-QINU`"' (1)

None (14) · Currently legal in most jurisdictions with thujone limits (1) · Not a controlled substance in the United States, European Union, United Kingdom, Canada, or Australia. Prescription-only in all of these jurisdictions due to the narrow therapeutic index and the need for serum monitoring. No abuse potential has been identified. (1) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · [[USLegal:DEA Schedule II|Schedule II]] controlled substance in US (rescheduled from Schedule III in 1978). No accepted medical use. UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances Schedule II internationally.'"`UNIQ--ref-00000067-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (9) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the antidepressant '''Boxed Warning''' for suicidality in children, adolescents, and young adults'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) · [[USLegal:Schedule III|Schedule III controlled substance]] in US. '''Contraindicated in children <12''' for any indication and in any age post-tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy (FDA 2017 black-box advisory)'"`UNIQ--ref-00001519-QINU`"' (1)