Drilldown: Medicines
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
brand:
(none, never marketed) (1) ·
Ambien (IR), Ambien CR (biphasic-release), Edluar (sublingual), Intermezzo (low-dose sublingual for middle-of-night awakening), Zolpimist (oral spray) (1) ·
Atrovent (inhaler, intranasal); also generic (1) ·
Many OTC and Rx; Nascobal (intranasal); generic injection (1) ·
Multiple OTC dietary supplement formulations (1) ·
Nitrostat, Nitrolingual, NitroMist, Nitro-Bid, Nitro-Dur, Minitran, Rectiv (1) ·
Ventolin, ProAir, Proventil, AccuNeb (1)
classes:
Designer benzodiazepine (1) ·
Research material (1) ·
Sedative-Hypnotic (1) ·
Triazolobenzodiazepine (1) ·
[[:Category:Antianginals|Antianginal]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Antimuscarinics|Antimuscarinic]] (1) ·
[[:Category:B-vitamins|B-vitamin]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Beta-2_adrenergic_agonists|Short-acting β2-agonist]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Bronchodilators|Bronchodilator]] (2) ·
[[:Category:Chronobiotics|Chronobiotic (circadian phase regulator)]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Hematinics|Hematinic]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Melatonin receptor agonists|Melatonin receptor agonist]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Nitrates|Organic nitrate]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics|Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Schedule IV controlled substances|Schedule IV controlled substance]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Short-acting_muscarinic_antagonists|Short-acting muscarinic antagonist (SAMA)]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Sleep aids|Sleep aid]] (2) ·
[[:Category:Vasodilators|Vasodilator]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Vitamins|Vitamin]] (1)
mechanism:
None (5) ·
Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000093-QINU`"' At higher doses β2 selectivity is lost, producing β1 effects (tachycardia, tremor) and hypokalemia from intracellular potassium shift'"`UNIQ--ref-00000094-QINU`"'. (1)
uses:
No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000095-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000096-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000097-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000098-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000607-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000608-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000609-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000060A-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0E-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000F78-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F79-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000F7A-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
'''5 mg PO at bedtime for women, 5-10 mg for men''' (per FDA's 2013 sex-specific dose reduction for women due to slower clearance). Ambien CR 6.25 mg women / 6.25-12.5 mg men. Intermezzo SL 1.75 mg women / 3.5 mg men (1) ·
0.5-3 mg PO 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Some patients respond to micro-doses (0.3 mg) without additional benefit at higher doses. For circadian phase shifting, timing relative to dim-light melatonin onset matters more than absolute dose (1) ·
MDI 90 mcg/puff, 2 puffs q4-6h prn; nebulized 2.5 mg in 3 mL saline q4-6h (1) ·
Nebulized 500 mcg q6-8h (or with albuterol as DuoNeb); MDI 17 mcg/puff, 2 puffs QID; nasal 0.03% or 0.06% spray BID-TID (1) ·
No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) ·
Replacement: 1000 mcg IM daily for 1 week, then weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly; or 1000-2000 mcg PO daily (effective even in pernicious anemia via passive diffusion); intranasal 500 mcg weekly (1) ·
SL 0.3-0.6 mg every 5 minutes up to 3 doses for acute angina (call EMS if not resolved after the third); IV infusion 5-10 mcg/min titrated; transdermal patch 0.2-0.4 mg/hr for 12-14 hours daily (nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance) (1)
preparations:
100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 mcg tablets (OTC and Rx); 1000 mcg/mL injection; intranasal spray; sublingual (1) ·
Atrovent HFA 17 mcg/actuation MDI; 500 mcg/2.5 mL nebulizer solution; 0.03% and 0.06% intranasal sprays; with albuterol as DuoNeb / Combivent Respimat (1) ·
Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) ·
IR tablets 5, 10 mg; CR tablets 6.25, 12.5 mg; SL tablets 1.75, 3.5, 5, 10 mg; oral spray (1) ·
MDI 90 mcg/puff; nebulizer solution 0.083% (2.5 mg/3 mL), 0.5%, 0.021%, 0.042%; syrup 2 mg/5 mL; 2 mg, 4 mg tablets; 4 mg, 8 mg ER (1) ·
OTC tablets, sublingual tablets, gummies, liquid, extended-release tablets and capsules; common strengths 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 mg (1) ·
SL 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 mg tablets; lingual spray 0.4 mg/spray; ER 2.5-9 mg capsules; transdermal patch 0.1-0.8 mg/hr; 2% ointment; 0.4% rectal ointment; 5 mg/mL IV (1)
fda max:
10 mg/day (IR); 12.5 mg/day (CR) (1) ·
12 inhalations/d (rescue); higher for severe exacerbation under monitoring (1) ·
12 puffs MDI/d typical; nebulized 2000 mcg/d (1) ·
Indication-specific; titrated to effect (1) ·
N/A (never approved) (1) ·
No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity (1) ·
Not formally established (dietary supplement); doses above ~3-5 mg show no additional efficacy but increase next-day sedation risk (1)
routes: (Click arrow to add another value)
onset:
15-30 minutes (1) ·
30-60 minutes (immediate-release oral) (1) ·
Bronchodilation 15-30 minutes (1) ·
Inhaled: 5-15 minutes; PO: 30 minutes (1) ·
Reticulocyte response at 3-5 days; neurologic recovery weeks to months (and may be incomplete if longstanding) (1) ·
SL/spray: 1-3 minutes; IV: minutes; patch: 30-60 minutes (1) ·
~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
halflife:
1-3 minutes (very short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C0F-QINU`"' (1) ·
30-50 minutes (short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) ·
4-6 hours (inhaled and PO)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000099-QINU`"' (1) ·
Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) ·
~2 hours (plasma; minimal relevance — local-action drug)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7B-QINU`"' (1) ·
~2.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"' (1) ·
~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years (1)
bioavailability:
Highly route-dependent: SL bypasses first-pass; oral has extensive first-pass (used only for chronic ER preparations); transdermal predictable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C10-QINU`"' (1) ·
Inhaled lung deposition with minimal systemic absorption (the basis of the favorable safety profile vs systemic antimuscarinics)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000F7C-QINU`"' (1) ·
Not formally characterized in humans. (1) ·
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100% (1) ·
~10% inhaled reaches systemic circulation; ~50% PO'"`UNIQ--ref-0000009A-QINU`"' (1) ·
~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) ·
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1)
pregnancy:
Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) ·
Limited data; generally considered acceptable when needed.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited human data; case reports of neonatal sedation with late-pregnancy exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited human data; endogenous hormone, but supplemental pharmacological doses are not well characterized in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Preferred SABA in pregnancy; benefits of asthma control outweigh limited risks.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Used in obstetric emergencies (uterine relaxation, severe hypertension) when needed; otherwise limited routine use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
legal:
None (1) ·
OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US (1) ·
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] dietary supplement in the US ('''not FDA-regulated as a medicine'''; multiple studies show OTC products contain 50-470% of labeled melatonin content); [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in the EU and UK (1) ·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (3) ·
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning''' for '''complex sleep behaviors''' (sleep-driving, sleep-walking, sleep-eating, other parasomnias) added in 2019'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1)
Showing below up to 7 results in range #1 to #7.