Drilldown: Medicines
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Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
Acetaminophen (paracetamol, APAP) (1) ·
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid; ASA) (1) ·
Bisacodyl (1) ·
Bromazolam (1) ·
Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) (1) ·
Diazepam (1) ·
Docusate (sodium or calcium) (1) ·
Hydrocortisone (cortisol) (1) ·
Indomethacin (1) ·
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (1) ·
Mesalamine (5-aminosalicylic acid, 5-ASA) (1) ·
Morphine (sulfate) (1) ·
Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate, GTN) (1) ·
Promethazine (hydrochloride) (1) ·
Zolpidem (tartrate) (1)
brand:
(none, never marketed) (1) ·
Ambien (IR), Ambien CR (biphasic-release), Edluar (sublingual), Intermezzo (low-dose sublingual for middle-of-night awakening), Zolpimist (oral spray) (1) ·
Asacol HD, Pentasa, Lialda, Apriso, Delzicol, Rowasa (rectal), Canasa (suppository) (1) ·
Bayer, Ecotrin, Bufferin, St. Joseph (low-dose 81 mg), Excedrin (with acetaminophen and caffeine) (1) ·
Colace (sodium), Surfak (calcium); many generics OTC (1) ·
Cortef (oral), Solu-Cortef (IV), many topical brands (Cortizone, OTC); Plenadren, Alkindi (modified-release for adrenal insufficiency) (1) ·
Dulcolax, Correctol, Bisac-Evac (1) ·
Indocin (oral, IV, suppository), Tivorbex (low-dose), Indo-Lemmon (1) ·
Many OTC and Rx; Nascobal (intranasal); generic injection (1) ·
MS Contin (ER), Kadian (ER), Avinza (ER), Roxanol (IR oral solution), Duramorph (epidural / IT), Astramorph (IV), Infumorph (intrathecal pump), MorphaBond (IR abuse-deterrent) (1) ·
Multiple OTC dietary supplement formulations (1) ·
Nitrostat, Nitrolingual, NitroMist, Nitro-Bid, Nitro-Dur, Minitran, Rectiv (1) ·
Phenergan, Promethegan (suppositories) (1) ·
Tylenol, Panadol (international), Ofirmev (IV); huge OTC presence (1) ·
Valium (oral, IV/IM, rectal), Diastat (rectal gel for breakthrough seizures), Valtoco (nasal spray for breakthrough seizures), Libervant (buccal film) (1)
classes:
mechanism:
None (13) ·
Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00001067-QINU`"' Chronic use is associated with cathartic colon (colonic dilation, loss of haustration), hypokalemia, and laxative dependence; reserved for short-term use or bowel prep with breaks between courses'"`UNIQ--ref-00001068-QINU`"'. (1)
uses:
No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000022-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000023-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000024-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000025-QINU`"' (2) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000022-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000023-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000024-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000025-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000026-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000607-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000608-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000609-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000060A-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000006A2-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000006A3-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000006A4-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000ACD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000ACE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000ACF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000AD0-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000BBC-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000BBD-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0E-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00001069-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000106A-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00001341-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00001342-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
'''5 mg PO at bedtime for women, 5-10 mg for men''' (per FDA's 2013 sex-specific dose reduction for women due to slower clearance). Ambien CR 6.25 mg women / 6.25-12.5 mg men. Intermezzo SL 1.75 mg women / 3.5 mg men (1) ·
0.5-3 mg PO 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Some patients respond to micro-doses (0.3 mg) without additional benefit at higher doses. For circadian phase shifting, timing relative to dim-light melatonin onset matters more than absolute dose (1) ·
100-200 mg PO once or twice daily; pediatric weight-based (1) ·
325-1000 mg PO every 4-6 hours as needed; maximum 4 g/d in healthy adults, 3 g/d in regular users or hepatic risk; pediatric 10-15 mg/kg every 4-6 hours (1) ·
5-15 mg PO once at bedtime; 10 mg PR for faster effect; bowel prep regimens use higher single doses (1) ·
Active UC: Lialda 2.4-4.8 g PO once daily, Apriso 1.5 g PO once daily; maintenance 1.2-2.4 g/d; rectal Rowasa enema 4 g HS for distal disease; Canasa 1 g suppository HS for proctitis (1) ·
Acute gout: 50 mg PO TID until symptom relief, then taper; maximum 200 mg/day for 3-5 days. Rheumatoid arthritis / osteoarthritis: 25-50 mg PO BID-TID. Patent ductus arteriosus: 0.2 mg/kg IV, then 0.1-0.2 mg/kg every 12-24 hours for 2 doses (1) ·
Allergy: 25 mg PO BID-QID. Nausea/vomiting: 12.5-25 mg PO/IM/IV/PR every 4-6 hours. Motion sickness: 25 mg PO 30-60 minutes before travel. '''Pediatric <2 years: contraindicated''' (1) ·
Antiplatelet: 81 mg PO once daily. Acute MI/stroke: 162-325 mg chewed. Analgesic: 325-650 mg PO every 4-6 hours as needed (1) ·
Anxiety: 2-10 mg PO 2-4 times daily. Alcohol withdrawal: 10-20 mg PO/IV every 4-6 hours, symptom-triggered. Status epilepticus: 5-10 mg IV. Breakthrough seizures: Diastat rectal 0.2-0.5 mg/kg or Valtoco intranasal 5-20 mg (1) ·
IR oral: 15-30 mg every 4 hours as needed. ER opioid-naive: 15-30 mg every 12 hours. IV/IM/SC: 2-10 mg every 3-4 hours. Epidural / intrathecal: see surgical or palliative-care protocols (1) ·
No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) ·
Physiologic replacement 15-25 mg/d divided (e.g., 10 mg AM, 5 mg noon, 5 mg afternoon); stress dose 50-100 mg IV q6-8h; adrenal crisis 100 mg IV then 50-100 mg q6h; topical 0.5-2.5% applied 2-4×/d (1) ·
Replacement: 1000 mcg IM daily for 1 week, then weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly; or 1000-2000 mcg PO daily (effective even in pernicious anemia via passive diffusion); intranasal 500 mcg weekly (1) ·
SL 0.3-0.6 mg every 5 minutes up to 3 doses for acute angina (call EMS if not resolved after the third); IV infusion 5-10 mcg/min titrated; transdermal patch 0.2-0.4 mg/hr for 12-14 hours daily (nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance) (1)
preparations:
100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 mcg tablets (OTC and Rx); 1000 mcg/mL injection; intranasal spray; sublingual (1) ·
325, 500, 650 mg tablets; 80, 160 mg chewables; 160 mg/5 mL pediatric liquid; 325 mg suppository; 1000 mg/100 mL IV (Ofirmev); fixed-dose combinations with opioids, decongestants, antihistamines (1) ·
5 mg enteric-coated tablets; 10 mg rectal suppositories; OTC and Rx (1) ·
5, 10, 20 mg oral tablets; 100, 250, 500, 1000 mg IV (Solu-Cortef); 0.5%, 1%, 2.5% topical creams/ointments; rectal foam and enemas (1) ·
50, 100, 250 mg capsules; 50 mg/5 mL syrup; OTC (1) ·
Capsules 25, 50 mg; ER capsules 75 mg; oral suspension 25 mg/5 mL; suppositories 50 mg; injection 1 mg/vial (PDA closure) (1) ·
Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) ·
IR tablets 15, 30 mg; oral solution 10 mg/5 mL, 20 mg/mL, 100 mg/5 mL (concentrated); suppositories; ER tablets and capsules in multiple strengths; injectable 0.5-50 mg/mL (1) ·
IR tablets 5, 10 mg; CR tablets 6.25, 12.5 mg; SL tablets 1.75, 3.5, 5, 10 mg; oral spray (1) ·
Multiple non-bioequivalent oral formulations (pH-, time-, and moisture-dependent release); rectal enema 4 g/60 mL; 1 g rectal suppository (1) ·
OTC tablets, sublingual tablets, gummies, liquid, extended-release tablets and capsules; common strengths 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 mg (1) ·
SL 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 mg tablets; lingual spray 0.4 mg/spray; ER 2.5-9 mg capsules; transdermal patch 0.1-0.8 mg/hr; 2% ointment; 0.4% rectal ointment; 5 mg/mL IV (1) ·
Tablets 12.5, 25, 50 mg; oral syrup 6.25 mg/5 mL; suppositories 12.5, 25, 50 mg; injection 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL (1) ·
Tablets 2, 5, 10 mg; oral solution 1, 5 mg/mL; injection 5 mg/mL; Diastat rectal gel 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg; Valtoco nasal spray 5, 7.5, 10 mg/dose; Libervant buccal film (1) ·
Tablets 81 (low-dose), 325, 500, 650 mg; chewable 81 mg; enteric-coated tablets; effervescent tablets; suppositories (1)
fda max:
10 mg/day (IR); 12.5 mg/day (CR) (1) ·
100 mg/day (adult) (1) ·
200 mg/day (typical adult oral) (1) ·
30 mg/d for short-term use (1) ·
4 g/d in healthy adults; 3 g/d conservative limit; 2 g/d in cirrhosis or chronic alcohol use (1) ·
40 mg/day (oral, anxiety) (1) ·
4000 mg/day (analgesic) (1) ·
Formulation-specific; ~4.8 g/d typical maximum oral (1) ·
Indication-specific (1) ·
Indication-specific; titrated to effect (1) ·
N/A (never approved) (1) ·
No fixed ceiling; titrate to clinical effect and tolerability with CDC opioid prescribing guidance constraints on morphine-milligram-equivalent (MME) totals (1) ·
No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity (1) ·
Not formally established (dietary supplement); doses above ~3-5 mg show no additional efficacy but increase next-day sedation risk (1) ·
~500 mg/d typical (1)
routes: (Click arrow to add another value)
onset:
1-3 days (1) ·
15-30 minutes (1) ·
15-60 minutes (oral); 1-5 minutes (IV); 4-10 minutes (rectal or intranasal) (1) ·
20 minutes (oral); 5 minutes (IV) (1) ·
30-60 minutes (immediate-release oral) (1) ·
30-60 minutes (oral); rapid relief in acute gout (1) ·
5-10 minutes (IV); 30 minutes (oral IR); slower for ER and rectal (1) ·
Antiplatelet effect within 30-60 minutes; analgesic effect 30-60 minutes (1) ·
Hours (1) ·
PO 6-12 hours; PR 15-60 minutes (1) ·
PO: 30-60 minutes; IV: minutes (1) ·
Reticulocyte response at 3-5 days; neurologic recovery weeks to months (and may be incomplete if longstanding) (1) ·
SL/spray: 1-3 minutes; IV: minutes; patch: 30-60 minutes (1) ·
Symptomatic improvement 2-4 weeks (1) ·
~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
'''Antiplatelet effect lasts the platelet's lifetime (~7-10 days)''' due to irreversible COX-1 acetylation; analgesic 4-6 hours (1) ·
24 hours (most ER formulations) (1) ·
3-4 hours (1) ·
3-5 hours (IR); 8-24 hours (ER); 12-24 hours (epidural / intrathecal) (1) ·
4-6 hours (2) ·
4-6 hours (IR); 24 hours (ER) (1) ·
6-24 hours (parent); much longer when accounting for the long-lived active metabolites (1) ·
6-8 hours (IR); 8 hours (CR via biphasic release) (1) ·
6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) ·
Biologic ~8-12 hours (short-acting) (1) ·
Hours (2) ·
N/A (replacement) (1) ·
SL: 30 minutes; patch: 12-14 hours; IV continuous (1)
halflife:
1-3 hours (normal liver); markedly prolonged in overdose with glutathione depletion'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A5-QINU`"' (1) ·
1-3 minutes (very short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C0F-QINU`"' (1) ·
12-15 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) ·
30-50 minutes (short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) ·
4-5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) ·
Aspirin 15-30 minutes; salicylate metabolite 2-3 hours (concentration-dependent, saturable at high doses)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) ·
Diazepam 20-50 hours; '''N-desmethyldiazepam (nordazepam) 30-200 hours''' is the major active metabolite and accumulates substantially with chronic dosing'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1) ·
Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) ·
Morphine 2-4 hours; morphine-6-glucuronide active metabolite 2-4 hours (longer with renal impairment)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000020-QINU`"' (1) ·
Not meaningfully described (1) ·
Plasma ~1-2 hours; biologic ~8-12 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD1-QINU`"' (1) ·
Variable; effect dependent on local intestinal action rather than systemic kinetics'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106B-QINU`"' (1) ·
~2.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"' (1) ·
~5-10 hours (5-ASA)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBE-QINU`"' (1) ·
~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years (1)
bioavailability:
Highly formulation-dependent; the goal is colonic delivery with minimal systemic exposure'"`UNIQ--ref-00000BBF-QINU`"' (1) ·
Highly route-dependent: SL bypasses first-pass; oral has extensive first-pass (used only for chronic ER preparations); transdermal predictable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C10-QINU`"' (1) ·
Local action; minimal systemic effect (1) ·
Low systemic absorption (enteric coating delivers drug to colon)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000106C-QINU`"' (1) ·
Not formally characterized in humans. (1) ·
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100% (1) ·
~100% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) ·
~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) ·
~25% (oral, with extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000023-QINU`"' (1) ·
~25-40% (oral; extensive first-pass)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) ·
~50% (oral; reduced by buffering and enteric coating but onset clinically similar)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) ·
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1) ·
~85-98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000006A6-QINU`"' (1) ·
~93% (oral); ~90% (rectal)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) ·
~96% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000AD2-QINU`"' (1)
pregnancy:
Avoid from 20 weeks gestation onward per FDA's 2020 expanded NSAID warning; contraindicated from 30 weeks (risk of premature ductus arteriosus closure, which is paradoxically the basis of the neonatal PDA-closure indication)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) ·
Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) ·
Chronic third-trimester exposure produces neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and respiratory depression at delivery.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Generally considered acceptable for short-term use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Generally considered safe at standard doses; benefits typically outweigh in active IBD.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Generally considered safe.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited human data; case reports of neonatal sedation with late-pregnancy exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited human data; endogenous hormone, but supplemental pharmacological doses are not well characterized in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Long the preferred analgesic-antipyretic in pregnancy; recent observational studies have raised speculative neurodevelopmental signals that remain under investigation.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Low-dose (81 mg) safe and indicated for preeclampsia prophylaxis after 12 weeks in high-risk patients per USPSTF; high-dose aspirin avoid third trimester due to premature ductus arteriosus closure and bleeding risk (1) ·
Older agent with substantial use experience, including in hyperemesis gravidarum; broadly reassuring observational data'"`UNIQ--ref-00000024-QINU`"' (1) ·
Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Some signal for cleft palate with first-trimester exposure (debated); neonatal sedation and withdrawal with third-trimester exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Use when benefits outweigh; widely used at physiologic doses for adrenal insufficiency.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Used in obstetric emergencies (uterine relaxation, severe hypertension) when needed; otherwise limited routine use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
legal:
None (2) ·
OTC (low-dose topicals) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (other forms) in US (1) ·
OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US (1) ·
OTC and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (IV, combination products) in US (1) ·
OTC in US (2) ·
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] dietary supplement in the US ('''not FDA-regulated as a medicine'''; multiple studies show OTC products contain 50-470% of labeled melatonin content); [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in the EU and UK (1) ·
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] in US at all standard strengths (1) ·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (3) ·
[[USLegal:Schedule II|Schedule II controlled substance]] in US; WHO essential medicine'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) ·
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the benzodiazepine class '''Boxed Warning''' for risk of fatal respiratory depression, coma, and death when combined with opioids'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1) ·
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning''' for '''complex sleep behaviors''' (sleep-driving, sleep-walking, sleep-eating, other parasomnias) added in 2019'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1)
Showing below up to 16 results in range #1 to #16.