Drilldown: Medicines
Use the filters below to narrow your results.
generic:
brand:
(none, never marketed) (1) ·
Ambien (IR), Ambien CR (biphasic-release), Edluar (sublingual), Intermezzo (low-dose sublingual for middle-of-night awakening), Zolpimist (oral spray) (1) ·
Cipro, Cipro XR, Ciloxan (ophthalmic) (1) ·
Floxin (oral, US brand discontinued); Ocuflox (ophthalmic); Floxin Otic (otic) (1) ·
Many OTC and Rx; Nascobal (intranasal); generic injection (1) ·
Multiple OTC dietary supplement formulations (1) ·
Nitrostat, Nitrolingual, NitroMist, Nitro-Bid, Nitro-Dur, Minitran, Rectiv (1)
classes:
Designer benzodiazepine (1) ·
Research material (1) ·
Sedative-Hypnotic (1) ·
Triazolobenzodiazepine (1) ·
[[:Category:Antianginals|Antianginal]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Antibacterials|Antibacterial]] (2) ·
[[:Category:B-vitamins|B-vitamin]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Chronobiotics|Chronobiotic (circadian phase regulator)]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Fluoroquinolones|Fluoroquinolone antibiotic]] (2) ·
[[:Category:Hematinics|Hematinic]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Melatonin receptor agonists|Melatonin receptor agonist]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Nitrates|Organic nitrate]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics|Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Schedule IV controlled substances|Schedule IV controlled substance]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Sleep aids|Sleep aid]] (2) ·
[[:Category:Vasodilators|Vasodilator]] (1) ·
[[:Category:Vitamins|Vitamin]] (1)
mechanism:
None (5) ·
Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000014BC-QINU`"' Topical ophthalmic and otic formulations remain widely used in ENT and ophthalmology. Subject to all fluoroquinolone-class restrictions (tendinitis/rupture, peripheral neuropathy, QT prolongation)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014BD-QINU`"'. (1)
uses:
No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000017-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000018-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000019-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-0000001B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001E-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000001F-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000020-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000607-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000608-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000609-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000060A-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000932-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000933-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000934-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000935-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000936-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000937-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0A-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0C-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0D-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000C0E-QINU`"' (1) ·
'"`UNIQ--vote-000014BE-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014BF-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C1-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000014C2-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
'''5 mg PO at bedtime for women, 5-10 mg for men''' (per FDA's 2013 sex-specific dose reduction for women due to slower clearance). Ambien CR 6.25 mg women / 6.25-12.5 mg men. Intermezzo SL 1.75 mg women / 3.5 mg men (1) ·
0.5-3 mg PO 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Some patients respond to micro-doses (0.3 mg) without additional benefit at higher doses. For circadian phase shifting, timing relative to dim-light melatonin onset matters more than absolute dose (1) ·
500-750 mg PO BID; 400 mg IV q8-12h (1) ·
No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1) ·
Oral 200-400 mg BID; ophthalmic 1-2 drops in affected eye(s) q2-4h initially, then taper; otic 5-10 drops in affected ear BID (1) ·
Replacement: 1000 mcg IM daily for 1 week, then weekly for 4 weeks, then monthly; or 1000-2000 mcg PO daily (effective even in pernicious anemia via passive diffusion); intranasal 500 mcg weekly (1) ·
SL 0.3-0.6 mg every 5 minutes up to 3 doses for acute angina (call EMS if not resolved after the third); IV infusion 5-10 mcg/min titrated; transdermal patch 0.2-0.4 mg/hr for 12-14 hours daily (nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance) (1)
preparations:
100, 250, 500, 1000, 5000 mcg tablets (OTC and Rx); 1000 mcg/mL injection; intranasal spray; sublingual (1) ·
200, 300, 400 mg tablets (mostly generic now); 0.3% ophthalmic solution; 0.3% otic solution (1) ·
250, 500, 750 mg IR tablets; 500, 1000 mg ER tablets (XR); 250, 500 mg/5 mL oral suspension; 200, 400 mg IV; 0.3% ophthalmic solution and ointment; 0.2% otic (1) ·
Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) ·
IR tablets 5, 10 mg; CR tablets 6.25, 12.5 mg; SL tablets 1.75, 3.5, 5, 10 mg; oral spray (1) ·
OTC tablets, sublingual tablets, gummies, liquid, extended-release tablets and capsules; common strengths 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10 mg (1) ·
SL 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 mg tablets; lingual spray 0.4 mg/spray; ER 2.5-9 mg capsules; transdermal patch 0.1-0.8 mg/hr; 2% ointment; 0.4% rectal ointment; 5 mg/mL IV (1)
fda max:
10 mg/day (IR); 12.5 mg/day (CR) (1) ·
800 mg/d (1) ·
Indication-specific; titrated to effect (1) ·
N/A (never approved) (1) ·
No strict ceiling; water-soluble vitamin, low toxicity (1) ·
Not formally established (dietary supplement); doses above ~3-5 mg show no additional efficacy but increase next-day sedation risk (1) ·
~1500 mg/d (oral); 1200 mg/d (IV) (1)
routes: (Click arrow to add another value)
onset:
15-30 minutes (1) ·
30-60 minutes (immediate-release oral) (1) ·
Hours (2) ·
Reticulocyte response at 3-5 days; neurologic recovery weeks to months (and may be incomplete if longstanding) (1) ·
SL/spray: 1-3 minutes; IV: minutes; patch: 30-60 minutes (1) ·
~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
halflife:
1-3 minutes (very short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C0F-QINU`"' (1) ·
30-50 minutes (short)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000021-QINU`"' (1) ·
4 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-00000938-QINU`"' (1) ·
Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1) ·
~2.5 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001A-QINU`"' (1) ·
~6 days (plasma); hepatic stores last 3-5 years (1) ·
~9 hours'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C3-QINU`"' (1)
bioavailability:
Highly route-dependent: SL bypasses first-pass; oral has extensive first-pass (used only for chronic ER preparations); transdermal predictable'"`UNIQ--ref-00000C10-QINU`"' (1) ·
Not formally characterized in humans. (1) ·
Oral ~1-3% via passive diffusion at high doses (independent of intrinsic factor); IM/SC ~100% (1) ·
~15% (oral; highly variable due to extensive and variable first-pass metabolism)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000022-QINU`"' (1) ·
~70% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001B-QINU`"' (1) ·
~70% (oral; reduced by divalent cations — antacids, iron, calcium, dairy)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000939-QINU`"' (1) ·
~95% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C4-QINU`"' (1)
pregnancy:
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern).<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
'''Avoid in pregnancy where alternatives exist''' (animal cartilage toxicity; class-wide concern); use only when benefit clearly outweighs.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) ·
Limited human data; case reports of neonatal sedation with late-pregnancy exposure.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Limited human data; endogenous hormone, but supplemental pharmacological doses are not well characterized in pregnancy.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Routinely supplemented in vegan pregnancies and pernicious anemia.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1) ·
Used in obstetric emergencies (uterine relaxation, severe hypertension) when needed; otherwise limited routine use.<sup class="pcp-cn" title="This claim needs a citation.">[[[Pharmacopedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]]</sup> (1)
legal:
None (2) ·
OTC (low/mid-dose oral) and [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] (injection, intranasal) in US (1) ·
[[USLegal:Over-the-counter|OTC]] dietary supplement in the US ('''not FDA-regulated as a medicine'''; multiple studies show OTC products contain 50-470% of labeled melatonin content); [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in the EU and UK (1) ·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US (1) ·
[[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the same fluoroquinolone-class '''Boxed Warnings''' as ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin'"`UNIQ--ref-000014C5-QINU`"' (1) ·
[[USLegal:Schedule IV|Schedule IV controlled substance]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning''' for '''complex sleep behaviors''' (sleep-driving, sleep-walking, sleep-eating, other parasomnias) added in 2019'"`UNIQ--ref-0000001C-QINU`"' (1)
Showing below up to 7 results in range #1 to #7.