Drilldown: Medicines

2C-B (1) · Atropa belladonna (1) · Banisteriopsis caapi (1) · Black Drink (1) · Brugmansia (1) · Chocolate (1) · Dexmethylphenidate (1) · Duloxetine (1) · Guarana (1) · Haloperidol (1) · Hyoscyamus niger (1) · Kola (1) · Lamotrigine (1) · LSD (1) · Mandragora officinarum (1) · Mescal Bean (1) · Methylphenidate (1) · Yerba mate (1)

''Brugmansia'' spp., Angel's trumpet, ''borrachero'', ''toé'' (1) · ''Cola nitida'', ''Cola acuminata'' (1) · ''Ilex paraguariensis'' (1) · ''Ilex vomitoria'' (1) · ''Paullinia cupana'' (1) · ''Sophora secundiflora''. Texas mountain laurel, frijolillo (1) · ''Theobroma cacao'' (1) · Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle, Irenka, Yentreve (1) · Deadly nightshade (1) · Delysid (historical, Sandoz, withdrawn 1965) (1) · Focalin, Focalin XR (1) · Haldol, Serenace, Haldol Decanoate (1) · Henbane, black henbane (1) · Lamictal (IR), Lamictal XR, Lamictal ODT (1) · Mandrake (1) · Nexus, Eroxan (historical, late-1980s through mid-1990s) (1) · Ritalin, Ritalin LA, Concerta, Metadate CD, Daytrana, Quillivant XR (1) · The ayahuasca vine, ''yagé'', ''caapi'', ''mariri'' (1)

2C-x series (1) · Antidepressant (1) · Antiemetic (1) · Anxiolytic (1) · Caffeine plant (5) · Classic Psychedelic (1) · CNS stimulant (1) · Daimonica (4) · Ergoline (1) · Excitantia (5) · Lysergamide (1) · MAOI (1) · NDRI (2) · Phantastica (2) · Phenethylamine (1) · Plant Medicine (11) · Psychedelic (1) · Psychostimulant (2) · SNRI (1) · Tropane alkaloid plant (4) · Typical antipsychotic (1) · [[:Category:Anticonvulsants|Anticonvulsant]] (1) · [[:Category:Mood stabilizers|Mood stabilizer]] (1) · [[:Category:Sodium channel blockers|Sodium channel blocker]] (1)

None (1) · 5-HT2A partial agonist (2) · Active alkaloid is cytisine, a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. NOT a classical 5-HT2A psychedelic. (1) · Caffeine (1.5–2%) + theobromine + kolanin (a glycoside). (1) · Caffeine (highest of the ''Ilex'' genus) plus saponins that produce ritual vomiting at high doses. (1) · Caffeine (sometimes called 'mateine' historically, though chemically identical), theobromine, theophylline, plus polyphenols. (1) · Contains the β-carboline alkaloids harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine, reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors (RIMAs) that allow oral DMT to reach the brain. (1) · High-affinity D2 receptor antagonist (1) · Highest natural caffeine content of any plant (2–7% by dry weight, ~2–4× coffee). Caffeine is bound to tannins, producing a slower release than pure coffee caffeine. (1) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET) (1) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET), d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate (1) · Primary alkaloid is theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine), with minor caffeine. Also contains phenethylamine, anandamide (an endogenous cannabinoid), tryptophan (serotonin precursor), and flavanols. The combined effect is mild stimulation + mood elevation. (1) · Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibition (balanced) (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine (dominant; the racemic form is atropine), scopolamine. Competitive muscarinic antagonism. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, atropine, apoatropine. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: hyoscyamine, scopolamine, in higher seed concentrations than belladonna or datura. (1) · Tropane alkaloids: scopolamine (dominant), hyoscyamine, atropine. Competitive antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (1)

None (2) · ADHD, narcolepsy (1) · Depression, anxiety, neuropathic pain, fibromyalgia, chronic musculoskeletal pain (1) · Schizophrenia, acute psychosis, agitation, delirium, Tourette syndrome, severe nausea (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000006-QINU`"' (2) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000008-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000009-QINU`"' (4) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000021-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000022-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000023-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000024-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000065-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AD-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000000AE-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000150-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000151-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A0-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000003A1-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069B-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-0000069C-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-0000081E-QINU`"' (1)

None · ~10 units SC at the same time daily, or 0.1-0.2 units/kg/d; titrate by fasting glucose · '''5 mg PO at bedtime for women, 5-10 mg for men''' (per FDA's 2013 sex-specific dose reduction for women due to slower clearance). Ambien CR 6.25 mg women / 6.25-12.5 mg men. Intermezzo SL 1.75 mg women / 3.5 mg men · 0.25 mg · 0.4 mg PO daily (general prevention); 0.8-1 mg/d in pregnancy; 4 mg/d for women with prior NTD-affected pregnancy; 1 mg/d during methotrexate therapy · 0.4 mg PO once daily, 30 minutes after the same meal each day · 0.5 mg PO once daily · 0.5-1 mg PO/IV once or twice daily; titrate to clinical response. Approximate equipotency: bumetanide 1 mg ≈ furosemide 40 mg ≈ torsemide 20 mg · 0.5-2 mg/kg/d divided or single morning dose for acute conditions; lowest effective dose for chronic conditions, with planned taper · 0.5-3 mg PO 30-60 minutes before bedtime. Some patients respond to micro-doses (0.3 mg) without additional benefit at higher doses. For circadian phase shifting, timing relative to dim-light melatonin onset matters more than absolute dose · 0.5–1 oz (10–30 g) ground for psychoactive effect; far smaller for culinary use · 0.75 mg SC weekly'"`UNIQ--ref-00000053-QINU`"' · 1 capsule (20/10 mg dextromethorphan/quinidine) PO once daily × 7 days, then 1 capsule BID · 1 drop in affected eye(s) TID (monotherapy); BID with timolol (Cosopt) · 1 drop in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening · 1 drop in the affected eye(s) once daily in the evening (Lumigan); Latisse applied to upper lash line at bedtime · 1 g PO QID on an empty stomach (1 hour before meals and at bedtime); 1 g BID for maintenance · 1 mg at bedtime (PTSD nightmares); 1 mg BID–TID (HTN) · 1 mg PO at bedtime to limit first-dose syncope; titrate weekly to 5-10 mg · 1 mg PO once daily

Other values:

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None (6) · Bark/woody stem decocted with a DMT-source plant (''Psychotria viridis'', ''Diplopterys cabrerana'') to make ayahuasca (1) · Bright red seeds, traditionally ingested or smoked. Highly toxic, narrow margin between active and lethal (1) · Dried leaves and twigs, infused in a gourd (''mate'') and drunk through a metal straw (''bombilla'') (1) · Fermented and roasted seeds, ground. Mexican tradition: drunk with chili, cornmeal, achiote. European tradition: with sugar and milk (1) · Flowers or leaves infused or smoked. Highly variable potency; narrow toxic margin (1) · Fresh nuts chewed; also dried and powdered (1) · IR tablets 25, 100, 150, 200 mg; chewable dispersible tablets 2, 5, 25 mg; ODT 25, 50, 100, 200 mg; XR tablets 25, 50, 100, 200, 250, 300 mg (1) · Leaves and seeds, traditionally smoked or infused. Possibly the original Pythia oracle plant (1) · Leaves, berries, root. Historically: belladonna cigarettes ("Asthmador") OTC in US until the 1970s (1) · Roasted seeds ground to powder, mixed with water; commercial syrups and energy drinks (1) · Root, traditionally carved into ''mannikens'' or infused into wine (1) · Toasted leaves and twigs decocted to a near-black concentrate (1)

None (17) · 400 mg/day (bipolar monotherapy); 700 mg/day (epilepsy with enzyme-inducing comedication) (1)

None · Oral · IV · Topical · IM · Intranasal · rectal · subcutaneous · Topical ophthalmic · ophthalmic · intramuscular · intravenous · transdermal · vaginal · Subcutaneous (abdomen · sublingual · thigh · inhaled · intra-articular · nebulized

Other values:

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None (11) · 20–60 min (oral) (1) · 30–60 min (1) · 30–60 minutes (1) · 45-75 min (oral) (1) · Antiepileptic effect within days at therapeutic level; mood-stabilizing effect emerges over weeks (1) · Mood: 2–4 weeks. Pain: often within 1–2 weeks. (1) · PO 1–2 h; IM 30–60 min; IV 5–20 min (1)

None (11) · 12–24 h (oral); decanoate IM 3–4 weeks (1) · 24 hours (often divided BID at higher doses) (1) · 4-8 h (1) · 8–12 hours (1) · Chronic daily dosing (1) · IR 3–5 h; LA/SR 6–8 h; Concerta 10–12 h; Daytrana ~9 h wear time (1) · IR 4–6 h; XR 8–12 h (1)

None (11) · 14–26 h (oral); ~3 weeks (decanoate) (1) · 2.2 h (IR parent); ~3 h (XR parent) (1) · 2–3 h (parent compound) (1) · 3–5 hours (1) · Not well characterized (1) · ~12 hours (1) · ~25-33 hours alone; ~15 hours with enzyme inducers; '''≥60 hours with valproate''' (UGT inhibition)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000025-QINU`"' (1)

None (11) · 70–90% (oral) (1) · Not well characterized (1) · ~22–25% (1) · ~30% (high first-pass) (1) · ~50% (highly variable) (1) · ~60–70% (oral) (1) · ~98% (oral)'"`UNIQ--ref-00000026-QINU`"' (1)

None (11) · '''Among the safest mood stabilizers in pregnancy''' with reassuring monotherapy registry data, in sharp contrast to valproate. Estrogen-containing contraceptives accelerate lamotrigine metabolism, requiring dose adjustments at start and stop of contraception'"`UNIQ--ref-00000027-QINU`"' (1) · Category C (3) · Not established (2) · Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Limited reproductive data with small observational signal for cardiac malformations; risk-benefit decision, with many patients deferring ADHD treatment during pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full discussion. (1)

None (10) · Plant unrestricted; pharmaceutical atropine Rx-only (1) · Rx-only (2) · Schedule I (United States) (1) · Schedule II (2) · [[USLegal:DEA Schedule I|Schedule I]] (United States) (1) · [[USLegal:Prescription only|Rx-only]] in US. Carries the FDA '''Boxed Warning for serious skin reactions''' including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, with the risk concentrated in the first 2-8 weeks of therapy and elevated by rapid titration'"`UNIQ--ref-00000028-QINU`"' (1)