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Medicines > classes : Amphetamine or Opioid or Sedative-Hypnotic

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generic:
Codeine (2)
brand:
None (27)
classes: (Click arrow to add another value)
mechanism:
GABAA positive allosteric modulator (15) · Monoamine releasing agent (6) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (6) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · None (2) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2)
uses:
None (68) · Mild to moderate pain; cough suppression (low-dose). (1) · No approved medical problem. Encountered as a designer/research benzodiazepine and, increasingly, as an adulterant in illicit opioid supplies. (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-000004B9-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000004BA-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-000004BB-QINU`"' (1) · '"`UNIQ--vote-00000562-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000563-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000564-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000565-QINU`"', '"`UNIQ--vote-00000566-QINU`"' (1)
starting dose:
None (68) · 2.5 mg IR, 5 mg XR, or 12.5mg Mydayis (1) · 5 mg PO (1) · Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)
preparations:
None (68) · Desoxyn 5 mg tabs (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · IR tabs 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30 mg; XR caps 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg; Mydayis caps 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 mg (1) · Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1)
fda max:
None (68) · 25 mg/day (ADHD per Desoxyn label); 15 mg/day (obesity, short-term, per Desoxyn label) (1) · 360 mg/day (1) · N/A (never approved) (1) · XR = 40 or 60 mg/d; IR = 40 or 60 mg/d'"`UNIQ--ref-00000567-QINU`"' (1)
routes:
None (68) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (2) · Oral (prescribed) (1) · PO (only formulation marketed in the US). (1) · sublingual (1)
onset:
None (69) · 30–60 min (PO) (1) · IR: 30–60 min; XR: 1–2 h to peak effect (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)
duration:
None (69) · 4–6 hours (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · IR 4–6 h; XR 10–12 h; Mydayis 14–16 h (1)
halflife:
None (69) · 2.5–3 hours (1) · D-amphetamine ~10 h; L-amphetamine ~13 h (adults) (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1)
bioavailability:
None (69) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) · ~75–90% (oral) (1)
pregnancy:
None (68) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1) · Category C (1) · Category C (per Desoxyn label) (1)
legal:
None (69) · Schedule II (2) · US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1)

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