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Medicines (732)

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Codeine (2)

None (5)

None (3) · AMPA receptor antagonist (1) · Cardioselective β1-adrenergic antagonist. Selectivity is dose-dependent and partially lost at higher doses. (1) · GABA enhancer; sodium channel blocker; histone deacetylase inhibitor (1) · GABA reuptake inhibitor (GAT-1 blocker) (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; lactate dehydrogenase inhibitor (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (1) · Highly β1-selective adrenergic antagonist. Greater selectivity than metoprolol or atenolol. (1) · Irreversible GABA-T inhibitor (1) · Kappa agonist; mu antagonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist/antagonist (1) · Mu-opioid agonist; norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; prodrug (metabolized to morphine) (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; sodium channel blocker (1) · Mu/kappa/delta agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) · Multiple mechanisms; GPR55 antagonist; TRPV1 agonist (1) · NMDA antagonist; GABAA potentiator (1) · Non-selective competitive antagonist at β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors. Lipophilic; significant blood–brain barrier penetration, accounting for its CNS effects. (1) · Partial mu-opioid agonist; kappa antagonist (1) · Phosphodiesterase inhibitor; calcium channel blocker (1) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (3) · Prodrug of phenytoin; sodium channel blocker (1) · Prodrug; converted to [[Morphine|morphine]] by [[Enzyme:CYP2D6|CYP2D6]] for analgesic action. (1) · Serotonin releaser; sigma-1 agonist (1) · Slow-inactivation sodium channel enhancer; CRMP-2 ligand (1) · Sodium channel blocker (2) · Sodium channel blocker; GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · Sodium channel modulator (1) · Sodium/T-type calcium channel blocker; carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (1) · SV2A ligand (higher affinity than levetiracetam) (1) · T-type calcium channel blocker (1) · The d-enantiomer is a highly β1-selective antagonist; the l-enantiomer triggers endothelial nitric-oxide–mediated vasodilation. Unique among beta blockers for this NO mechanism. (1)

None (39) · 10–40 mg (situational anxiety); 40 mg BID (HTN) (1) · 2.5–5 mg daily (HTN); 1.25 mg daily (HFrEF, slow titration) (1) · 25–50 mg BID (tartrate); 25–100 mg daily (succinate); 12.5 mg daily in HFrEF (1) · 5 mg daily (1) · Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1)

None (39) · 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 mg tabs; 60/80/120/160 mg ER caps; 1 mg/mL IV (1) · 2.5, 5, 10, 20 mg tabs (1) · 5, 10 mg tabs (1) · Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1) · Tartrate: 25, 50, 100 mg tabs; 1 mg/mL IV. Succinate ER: 25, 50, 100, 200 mg. (1)

None (39) · 20 mg/d (1) · 360 mg/day (1) · 40 mg/d (1) · 400 mg/d (1) · 640 mg/d (HTN); 240 mg/d (migraine) (1)

None (39) · IV (2) · Oral (4) · PO (only formulation marketed in the US). (1)

None (39) · 1–2 h (2) · 1–2 h (PO), immediate (IV) (1) · 1–2 h (PO); immediate (IV) (1) · 30–60 min (PO) (1)

None (39) · 24 h (2) · 4–6 hours (1) · 6–12 h (IR); 24 h (ER) (1) · 6–12 h (tartrate); 24 h (succinate) (1)

None (39) · 2.5–3 hours (1) · 3–6 h (1) · 3–7 h (1) · 9–12 h (1) · ~10 h (CYP2D6 extensive metabolizers); up to 31 h (poor metabolizers) (1)

None (39) · ~12% (extensive metabolizers); ~96% (poor metabolizers) (1) · ~25% (extensive hepatic first-pass) (1) · ~50% (1) · ~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) · ~90% (low first-pass) (1)

None (39) · Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1) · Category C (4)

None (39) · Rx-only in US (4) · US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1)

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