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Codeine (2)

None (14)

None (2) · Extremely potent GABAA positive allosteric modulator (1) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (15) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator (non-benzodiazepine) (3) · GABAA positive allosteric modulator; very long half-life (1) · GABAA potentiator (1) · GABAA potentiator and direct activator (2) · GABAB agonist; GHB receptor agonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu antagonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist (1) · Kappa agonist; mu partial agonist/antagonist (1) · Melatonin receptor agonist (2) · Monoamine releasing agent (1) · Monoamine releasing agent, TAAR1 agonism, VMAT2 substrate, DAT/NET reverse transport (1) · Mu-opioid agonist; norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist (4) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; prodrug (metabolized to morphine) (1) · Mu-opioid receptor agonist; sodium channel blocker (1) · Mu/kappa/delta agonist; NMDA antagonist (1) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET) (1) · Norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibition (DAT, NET), d-threo enantiomer of methylphenidate (1) · Partial mu-opioid agonist; kappa antagonist (1) · Phosphodiesterase inhibitor; calcium channel blocker (1) · Positive allosteric modulator of the GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor at the benzodiazepine binding site; increases frequency of Cl<sup>−</sup> channel opening, producing anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and skeletal-muscle relaxant effects. (1) · Potent mu-opioid receptor agonist (3) · Prodrug of amphetamine + theophylline (1) · Prodrug; converted to [[Morphine|morphine]] by [[Enzyme:CYP2D6|CYP2D6]] for analgesic action. (1) · Selective GABAA agonist (extrasynaptic delta subunit) (1) · TAAR1 agonism, VMAT2 substrate, DAT/NET reverse transport, net release of dopamine and norepinephrine (1)

None (50) · 2.5 mg IR, 5 mg XR, or 12.5mg Mydayis (1) · 5 mg PO (1) · Adult: 15–60 mg every 4 hours as needed. (1) · No medical dose. Active recreational doses reported in the 0.5–1.5 mg range (similar potency to alprazolam). (1)

None (50) · Desoxyn 5 mg tabs (1) · Illicit tablets ("bars"), powders, blotter, occasionally solutions. No pharmaceutical product exists. (1) · IR tabs 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, 20, 30 mg; XR caps 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg; Mydayis caps 12.5, 25, 37.5, 50 mg (1) · Tablet (15, 30, 60 mg); oral solution; combination products (with [[Acetaminophen|acetaminophen]] or ibuprofen). (1)

None (50) · 25 mg/day (ADHD per Desoxyn label); 15 mg/day (obesity, short-term, per Desoxyn label) (1) · 360 mg/day (1) · N/A (never approved) (1) · XR = 40 or 60 mg/d; IR = 40 or 60 mg/d'"`UNIQ--ref-00000567-QINU`"' (1)

None (48) · intranasal; rectal and IV reported. (1) · Oral (4) · Oral (prescribed) (1) · PO (only formulation marketed in the US). (1) · sublingual (1) · transdermal (1)

None (49) · 20–60 min (oral) (1) · 30–60 min (1) · 30–60 min (PO) (1) · IR: 30–60 min; XR: 1–2 h to peak effect (1) · ~20–40 min PO; faster sublingual/intranasal. (1)

None (49) · 4–6 hours (1) · 6–10 h subjective; full pharmacologic effect considerably longer. (1) · IR 3–5 h; LA/SR 6–8 h; Concerta 10–12 h; Daytrana ~9 h wear time (1) · IR 4–6 h; XR 10–12 h; Mydayis 14–16 h (1) · IR 4–6 h; XR 8–12 h (1)

None (49) · 2.2 h (IR parent); ~3 h (XR parent) (1) · 2.5–3 hours (1) · 2–3 h (parent compound) (1) · D-amphetamine ~10 h; L-amphetamine ~13 h (adults) (1) · Estimated ~12–17 h (some sources cite up to ~21 h); active metabolites prolong effect. (1)

None (49) · Not formally characterized in humans. (1) · ~22–25% (1) · ~30% (high first-pass) (1) · ~50% (variable, CYP2D6-dependent for analgesic effect). (1) · ~75–90% (oral) (1)

None (48) · Avoid. Benzodiazepines are associated with neonatal sedation, floppy-infant syndrome, and withdrawal; teratogenic signal weak but non-zero. Designer benzo with no safety data, assume worst-case. (1) · Avoid; risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal with chronic use; UM-mother breastfeeding contraindicated. (1) · Category C (2) · Category C (per Desoxyn label) (1) · Pregnancy categories were retired by FDA in 2015. Limited reproductive data with small observational signal for cardiac malformations; risk-benefit decision, with many patients deferring ADHD treatment during pregnancy. See pregnancy_details for the full discussion. (1)

None (49) · Schedule II (4) · US Schedule II (single-entity); Schedule III–V (combination products by content). (1)

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